Chapter 4 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

List the following steps in gene expression and protein synthesis.

1. a segment of DNA is copied into RNA. 2. RNA passes through the nuclear pore. 3. RNA moves to the ribosomes on the ER. 3. Proteins are deposited in the ER lumen. 5. Proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus. 6. Finished proteins are packaged into vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

How is the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm?

A double membrane called the nuclear envelope

What is a dimorphic fungus?

A fungus that exists as a yeast or a mold.

Are fungi heterotropic?

All fungi are heterotrophic.

NCLEX PREP: A client is diagnosed with Trichomonas vaginalis. Which of the following indicates that the client understands the method of transmission for this disease process? The client states that she

C. had intimate contact

What are chloroplasts and what do they do?

Chloroplasts, membranous packets found in plants and algae, are used in photosynthesis.

What is chromatin?

Chromatin is made of linear DNA, which, of course, is the genetic material of the cell. When it is wound around histone proteins, chromatin forms structures called chromosomes.

_______ are asexual "free" fungal spores that develop by pinching off or segmentation of hyphae.

Conidiospores

What are the characteristic of disease causing protozoa?

Disease-causing protozoa are typically heterotrophic and usually display some form of locomotion. All have a trophozoite form, and many produce a resistant stage, or cyst. Also, bacterial vaginosis is a protozoa that infected u...

What does endosymbiotic theory tell us?

Endosymbiotic theory tells us that eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts from early bacteria that were parasitizing pre-eukaryotic cells.

What organisms would you find photosynthesis?

Eukaryotes and bacteria

Q. It is difficult to treat fungal infections without doing some harm to the host. Drugs that treat bacterial infections are less likely to harm the human host. Can you think of why that might be?

Fungi are eukaryotic cells, just like human cells. It's difficult to cause harm in the invading eukaryote without causing harm to the eukaryotic human cells. Bacteria are prokaryotes.

What is fungi cell wall composed of?

Fungi have a cell wall that is composed of glycans and chitin or cellulose.

How do fungi reproduce?

Fungi use both asexual and sexual reproductive strategies. Fungi can produce asexual spores called sporangiospores and conidiospores. Fungal sexual spores enable the organisms to incorporate genetic variations in form and function.

Which group are capable of having hyphae?

Fungus

Where are proteins modified and then sent to their final destinations?

Golgi apparatus. Also called the golgi complex or golgi body This is an organelle consisting of a stack of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae.

How is the cytoplasm supported?

It is supported by the criss-crossed flexible framework called the cytoskeleton.

What does the nucleus do?

It's the boss!

What gave price to all 3 cell types (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?)

Last Common Ancestor.

What defines nucleolus?

Location for ribosomal RNA synthesis

The glycocalyx

Many eukaryotic cells have a glycocalyx, an outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment. It is for protection adherence of cells to surfaces, and reception of signals from other cells and from the environment.

NCLEX PREP : An RN is educating a student nurse about cellular processes. Which of the following statements by the student demonstrates understanding of the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria generate energy for the cell

Where are ribosomes located?

Most are attached to the RER, but some are scattered feely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton.

What does motility allow microorganisms to do?

Motility allows microorganisms to locate nutrients and to migrate toward positive stimuli such as sunlight; it also enables them to avoid harmful substances and stimuli.

Which helminths are roundworms?

Nematodes

Is DNA contained in the nucleus or the nucleolus?

Nucleus.

Is protozoa mostly unicellular?

Protozoa are mostly unicellular eukaryotes that lack specialized tissues.

What is the steps of the transportation system from the nucleus as an RNA"?

RNA is passed through the nuclear pores directly to the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum Here, proteins are synthesized from the RNA code and deposited in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. After being transported to the Golgi apparatus, the protein producs are chemically modified and packaged into vesicles that can be used by the cell in many different ways.

What are ribosomes and where are they present?

Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis present in both eukaryotes and bacteria.

function of smooth ER

SER is a closed tubular network without ribosomes. It functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids

How do single-celled eukaryotes use locomotor organs to move around?

Single-celled eukaryotes use locomotor organs such as flagella or cilia for moving themselves or their food.

What is true regarding fungal spores?

Spores help the fungus to spread throughout the environment. && The primary reproductive mode of fungi is spore formation.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

The Golgi apparatus is a packaging center that receives materials from the ER and then forms vesicles around them for storage or for transport to the cell membrane for secretion.

What are some details n the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The RER is a continuation of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network through the cytoplasm, even all the way out to the cell membrane. This architecture permits the spaces in the RER, called cisternae (singular, cistern), to transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell's exterior. The RER appears rough because of large numbers of ribosomes attached to its membrane surface.Proteins synthesized on the ribosomes are shunted into the inside space (the lumen) of the RER and held there for later packaging and transport.

How are eukaryote cell membrane similar to that of bacteria?

The cell membrane of eukaryotes is similar in function to that of bacteria, but it differs in composition, possessing sterols as additional stabilizing agents.

What are the structures of the Eukaryotic cell?

The cell structures common to most eukaryotes are the cell membrane, nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a cytoskeleton. Cell walls, chloroplasts, and locomotor organs are present in some eukaryote groups.

What is cytoskeleton and what does it do for cells?

The cytoskeleton maintains the shape of cells and produces movement of cytoplasm within the cell, movement of chromosomes at cell division, and, in some groups, movement of the cell as a unit.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum? ER

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an internal network of membranous passageways extending throughout the cell.

What are fungi?

The fungi are a nonphotosynthetic species with cell walls. They are either saprobes or parasites and may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

What is the glycocalyx?

The glycocalyx is the outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells. Its functions are protection, adherence, and receiving chemical signals from the environment or from other organisms. The glycocalyx is supported by either a cell wall or a cell membrane.

What is studied in the kingdom Animalia?

The kingdom Animalia has only one group that contains members that are studied in microbiology. These are the helminths, or worms. Pathogenic members include flatworms and round-worms that are able to invade and reproduce in human tissues.

What two categories of fungi can cause human disease?

There are two categories of fungi that cause human disease: the primary pathogens, which infect healthy persons, and the opportunistic pathogens, which cause disease only in compromised hosts.

What is the main role of intermediate filaments?

These ropelike structures that are 10nm in diameter provide structural reinforcement to the cell and organelles.

Cestodes and _____ are flatworms.

Trematodes

What is a lysosome?

a lysosome is a membrane bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of invading microorganisms, damaged tissue cell debris.

What is the nucleus filled with?

a matrix called the nucleoplasm and a granular mass, the nucleolus, that stains more intensely than the immediate surroundings because of its RNA content.

What are the three main types of cytoskeletal elements?

actin filament, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

What function does the cytoskeleton play?

anchoring organelles, moving RNA and besicles, and permitting shape changes and movement.

Mitochondria likely originated from

bacteria

Fungi reproduce by

both sexual and asexual processes

Tapeworms are parasitic helminths that are grouped into a subdivision of flatworms called

cestode

Helminths which have long, ribbon-like shaped segmented bodies are called _+

cestodes

Which helminths are tapeworms?

cestodes

Which are the major 2 groups of flatworms?

cestodes and trematodes

The golgi apparatus is composed of flattened sacs referred to as ______

cisternae

What structure carries proteins from the golgi to other organelles or to the outside of the cell?

condensing vesicles

The _________ vacuole helps regulate osmotic pressure in protozoa that live in a hypotonic environment.

contractile

What name is given to the tubular, finger-like internal membrane structures of the mitochondion?

cristae

In eukaryotic cells, a membrane-bound series of tubules that functions in transport and storage is the _______

endoplasmic reticulum

To what does the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, typical of cilia and eukaryotic flagella, refer to?

flagellum

Trematodes are also called ___

flukes

Chloroplasts

found in algae and plant cells. These are capable of converting energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Which cells have a cell wall?

fungi and most algae, but protozoa, few algae, and all animal cells do not have a cell wall, only a cell membrane.

What are the eukaryotic organisms?

fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. NOT BACTERIA OR ARCHAEA.

Which eukaryotic grounds contain microorganisms or organisms that have unicellular, egg, or larval forms typically studied by microbiologists?

fungi, protozoa, helminths, and algae

The organelle that receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum is part of the secretion system to the cell surface is called the __________

golgi apparatus

Tapeworms, roundworms, and flatworms which infect humans are often referred to as _________

helminths

Long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of fungi of the filamentous type are called +____

hyphae

What is the name of the filaments that are long in fungi?

hyphae

Cells of microscopic fungi exist in two basic forms known as _______.

hyphae and yeasts

Microtubules

long hollow tubes that maintain the shape of cells that don't have walls, and they transport substances from one part of a cell to another. Also, the spindle fibers play an essentual role in mitosis are microtubules that attach to chromosomes to separate them into daughter cells. They're also responsible for movement of cilia and flagella.

What is the nucleolus' function?

make rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

vacuoles

membrane bounded sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored. These are found in phagocytotic cells (certain white blood cells and protozoa) . Some vacuoles are used for storing reserve food like fats and glycogen.Protozoa use structures called contractile vacuoles to regulate osmotic pressure so the vacuoles expel excess water that has diffused into the cell

Which of the following cytoskeleton components are long, hollow protein tubes? microtubules//actin filaments//intermediate filaments.

microtubules

The filamentous type of fungi are called +_________

molds

The filamentous type of fungi are called ________

molds

Fungal diseases are called ___________

mycoses

The common name given to the group of roundworm helminths are

nematodes

Which biomolecule of DNA?

nucleic acid

The most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cell is the _______

nucleus

peroxisome

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water

What is a vesicle formed by the merger of a food vacuole with a lysosome?

phagosome

Although many adult helminths can be seen without the use of a microscope, they are included in the study of microbes because they _______ .

produce microscopic eggs and larvae

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis

A chain of yeast cells formed when buds remain attached in a row is called a ______

pseudohypha

A patient has been diagnosed with a parasitic helminth infection. Which of the following is not a helminth that causes disease?

ringworm

What form of reproduction leads to the greatest variation in offspring genetics?

sexual

A saclike head on fungi that forms sporangiospores is called ______

sporangium

The primary reproductive mode of fungi is __________

spore formation

Fungus produces _____ for reproduction and multiplication.

spores

endosymbiosis

theort that says eukaryotic cells are here when primordial cell types engulfed bacteria or other primordial cell types that later became organelles inside the more complex cells

How does the nucleus communicate what it wants?

through a network which includes ribosomes, which originate in the nucleus, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Helminths that have an oval shaped body which is quire flat as called _____

tramatodes

What structures carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

transitional vesicles.

A vesicle that may contain different types of solid or liquid particles to be digested, excreted or stored is called ________

vacuole

In North America, helminth infections are ____

very common

Which type of microorganism commonly reproduces by budding?

yeasts