Chapter 4: MicroBiology

where is the periplasmic in gram negative

between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission/ asexual reproduction

if glycocalyx is neatly organized what is it called

capsule

function of chloroplasts and types of cells?

captures energy from light in plants

function of mitochondrion and types of cells?

carry out the oxidative reactions that capture energy in ATP in plants and animals

prokaryotes lack mitochondria. what structure does perform the functions of mitochondria in prokaryotes?

cell membrane

what is the major site of active transport regulating passage of materials into and out of cell?

cell membrane

why is an 18-24 hour culture the ideal age culture to use?

cell wall thins, loses its strength and becomes damages as the bacteria age and cultures age

what are protoplast

cells that have had their cell wallsremoved

what is a STREP arrangement?

chains

what is flagella made of

chains of flagellin (hollow protein)

what contains grana and stroma

chloroplasts

3 types of protozoa movement

cilia, pseudopod and flagellum

what is a STAPH arrangement?

cluster

function of nucleus and types of cells?

control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle in plants and animals

function of peroxisome and types of cells?

convert peroxide's into water and oxygen and sometimes oxidize amino acids and fats in plants and animals

what shape is spirochete?

corkscrew

name 2 basic dyes

crystal violet and methylene blue

function of lysosome and types of cells?

destroy dead cells and digest contents of vacuoles in animals and plants. they attack prokaryotes

how do lysosomes damage cell walls

digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan

what type of flagella does spirochete have instead of typical flagella

endoflagella anchored at one end of a cell

function of plasmid and types of cells?

enhance the survival of an organism either by killing other organism or by defending the host cell by productions toxins. (provide bacteria with antibiotic resistance) in prokayotes

function of endospores and types of cells?

ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress in prokayrotes

plasmids

extrachomosonal pieces of DNA

examples of differential stain

gram stain, ziehl-neelsen, acid-fast stain and negative stain

what are square shaped bacteria called?

haoarcula

function of the cytoplasm and types of cells?

helps to fill out the cell and keep organelles in place. contains enzymes responsible for breaking down waste and aid in metabolic activities in prokaryotes, plants, and animals

a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell

hypertonic

a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell

hypotonic

how does penicillin damage cell walls

inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall

is formed from repeating molecules of carbohydrates and proteins

function of cilia and types of cells?

keep airway clear of mucus and dirt allowing us to breathe easily in prokayrotes animals and plants

what are mycoplasma (cholesterol plays big role)

lack cell walls, makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, steroids in plasma membrane (combo of steroid and alcohol)

phospholipids move in what direction

laterally

what is the plasmid major chemical component

lipopolysaccharide

what type of lipids are in gram negative bacteria?

lipopolysacchride

function of flagella and types of cells?

locomotion and acts as sensory organelle being sensitive to chemical land temperature outside of the cells. in prokayrotes, plants and animals

what contains a large amount of hydrolytic enzymes?

lysosomes

pinocytosis?

membrane folds inwards bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

examples of a simple stain

methylene blue, safranin and crystal violet

monomorphic?

most bacteria are ^ one form

what is simple diffusion

movement of a salute from an area of high concentration to an area of low con creation

osmosis?

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an areas of lower water

what type of cells are viruses? prokaryotes or eukaryote?

neither, their acellular

name 2 acidic dyes

nigrosine and picnic acid

do prokaryote have membrane bound organelles?

no

do prokaryotes have histones?

no

does gram negative bacteria have teichoic acid?

no

is there an outer membrane in gram positive bacteria>

no

is there periplasmic space in gram positive bacteria?

no

what is the site of ribosome assembly

nucleolus

nucleiod contains

one chromosome

how many chromosome are in a prokaryotic cell?

one circular not in a membrane— plasmid

endosymbiont?

one organism that lives inside of another one

where is flagella located in a cell

outside cell wall

where is the glycocalyx located

outside cell wall in bacteria (prokaryote)

how many chromosomes are in a eukaryote cell?

paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane

what is a DI arrangement?

pairs

wall teichoic acid links to

peptidoglycan

what is the cell wall's major chemical component

peptidoglycan

what type of cell walls do prokaryotes have?

peptidoglycan

compare peptidoglycan and teichoic acid as to location and function.

peptidoglycan forms a supporting net around a bacterium that resembles multiple layers of chain-link fence. peptidoglycan is located in gram-positive bacteria as well as gram-negative bacteria and is one times seen in acid-fast bacteria. teichoic acid's exact function is unclear, but it furnishes attachment sites for bacteriophages and seres as a passageway for movement of ions into and out of the cell. teichoic acid can be found in gram-positive bacteria

what contains enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide to water

peroxisomes

all plasma membranes have a what

phospholipid bilayer

what is the cell membranes major chemical component

phospholipid bilayer

lipoteichoic acid links to

plasma membrane

what is endocytosis

plasma membrane surrounds substances from outside of the call and takes them in through a vesile which requires energy

what is peptidoglycan

polymer of disaccharide (NAG and NAM) linked by polypeptides

what is the capsule major chemical component

polysaccharide

what type of cells do eukaryotes have?

polysaccharide

what forms channels through outer membrane in gram negative bacteria

porins (proteins)

prokaryotes come from the greek words for what?

pre-nucleus

osmotic pressure?

pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

function of capsule and types of cells?

prevent host cells from destroying a bacteria in prokaryotes

what does the cell wall do and what is it made of in bacteria cell

prevent osmotic lysis and is made of peptidoglycan (protein sugar)

what do capsules do?

prevent phagocytosis— provides protective coat from host factors

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum and types of cells?

produces proteins in plants and animals

explain how sex is not related to reproduction in prokaryotes. what then is its purpose?

prokaryotes are asexual and reproduce through binary fission

what are the surface area to volume ratios of prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

prokaryotes are small organisms and the bacteria have a large surface-to-volume ratio. this means no internal part of the cell is far from the surface and nutrients can easily and quickly reach all parts of the cell

endospores

protect against extreme heat

function of slime layer and types of cells?

protect bacterial cells from drying, trap nutrients and sometimes bind cells together in prokayrotes

capsule

protects against phagocytosis

results of enzyme digestion in gram positive bacteria

protoplast

function of vacuoles and types of cells?

provide structural support and storage, waste disposal, protection and growth in plants

function of the cell wall and types of cells?

provides and maintains shape of cell in plants and prokaryotes

cell wall

provides shape

archea are wall-less or have walls of

pseudomurein

phagocytosis?

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

what is the function of contractile vacuole?

pump water out of the cell through osmoregulation which regulates osmotic pressure

function of golgi apparatus and types of cells?

receive modify and package proteins in secretory vehicles in plants and animals

what do gram positive cell walls do

regulate movement of cations

function of the plasma (cell) membrane and types of cells?

regulate the movement of materials into and out of the cells in prokaryotes, plants and animals

cell membrane

regulated substances into and out of cells

what are the structures bound to the surfaces of endoplasmic reticulum, site of protein synthesis?

ribosomes

what shape is bacillus?

rods

what causes spriochetesto move like a corkscrew?

rotation

rotate flagella to

run or tumble

function of ribosomes and types of cells?

serve as sites for protein synthesis in prokaryotes, animals and plants

how do eukaryotes reproduce?

sexual reproduction/ mitosis spindle

results of enzyme digestion in gram negative bactera

sheroplast

ribosomes are

site for protein synthesis

definition of morphology

size and shape of cells; arraignments in pairs, clusters, or filaments; presence of flagella, pili, endospores, capsules— primary distinction of genera and species

if glycocalyx is unorganized and loose what is it called

slime layer

what is facilitating diffusion

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

what shape is a coccus?

spherical (round)

what are star shaped bacteria called?

stella

function of cytoskeleton and types of cells?

support and give rigidity to cells and provide for cell movements in animal and plants

eukaryotic cells may have evolved when multiple cells joined together into one. they began to live in what we call

symbiotic relationships

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and types of cells?

synthesizes lipids in plants and animals

what takes place in the periplasmic space? which organism have such a space?

there is an active area of cell metabolism contains the cell wall peptidoglycan and many digestive enzymes and transport proteins that destroy harmful substances and transport metabolites into the bacterial custoplasm. an organism that has this space is in gram-positive bacteria

function of nucleiod and types of cells?

transcribe DNA and RNA and assist with cell growth and development essential for controlling activity of the cell and reproduction in prokayrotes

what do pili do in bacteria cell

transfer DNA from one cell to another

eukaryotes comes from the greek words for what?

true nucleus

definition of simple stain

use of a single dye and reveals basic cell shapes and cell arrangement

definition of differential stain

use of two or more dyes and distinguish between two kinds of organisms or between two different parts of an organism

pleumorhpic?

variety of shapes

exocytosis?

vehicle fuses with the plasma membrane on the inside and released it outside which requires energy

what are L forms

wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

what shape is spirillum?

wavy

definition of heat fixing

when a smear is made and when it is completely air dried and passed through an open flame it causes the organisms to adhere to the slide and make them more readily to accept dtes

definition of a smear

where microorganisms from a loop full of medium are spread onto the surface of a glass slide and can be used to view killed organisms

do eukaryotes have histones?

yes

do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

yes

does gram positive bacteria have teichoic acid?

yes

is there an outer membrane in gram negative bacteria?

yes

is there periplasmic space in gram negative bacteria?

yes

does gram positive bacteria have peptidoglycan?

yes a thick layer

does gram negative bacteria have peptidoglycan?

yes a thin layer

prokaryotic cells are how big in size?

0.2 -1.0 micrometers times 2- 8 micrometers

eukaryote cells are how big in size?

10 micrometers to 100 micrometers

what is an endotoxin

Lipid A

what is the ribosome major chemical component

RNA and protein

Compare the cell walls of Gram-positive, gram-negative and acid-fast bacteria

The cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan which is attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane. Gram-positive bacteria contains little protein. The cell wall of a Gram-negative bacterium is thinner and more complex than a Gram-positive bacterium. The cell wall has an outer membrane which leaves a small and narrow periplasmic space. Acid-fast bacteria is thick like Gram-positive bacteria. They stain as Gram-positive in the Gram stain method.

explain how the following terms relate to one another: cell wall, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxins, lipid A, and death of cell.

The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane in almost all bacteria. It maintains the characteristic shape of t he cell and prevents the cell from bursting when fluids flow into the cell by osmosis. The outer membrane is a bilateral membrane forming the outermost layer of the cell wall and is attached to the peptidoglycan. Lipopolysaccharide is an important part of the outer membrane can is used to identify Gram-negative bacteria. It is an integral part of the cell wall and is not released until the cel walls of dead bacteria are broken down. LPS contains polysaccharides and Lipid A. Lipid A is responsible for the toxic properties that make any Gram-negative infection a serious medical problem. It causes fever and dilates blood vessels causing the blood pressure to drop. Bacteria releases endotoxins when they are dying increase concentration of the toxins substance.

what are flagella attached to

a protein hook and anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

definition of stain

a subgroup of a species with one or more characteristic that distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species

active transport of substances requires what

a transporter protein and ATP

what do fimbriae do in bacteria cell

allow attachment to surfaces

function of pili and types of cells?

allow exhale of DNA and help bacteria adhere to surfaces in prokaryotes

what does extracellular polysaccharide do

allows cells to attach

what is selective permeability

allows passage of some molecules

what is pseudomurein

also known as pseudo peptidoglycan is a major cell wall component of some archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure but resembles bacteria peptidoglycan in function and physical structure (lack NAM and D amino acids)

what do polysaccharides provide

antigenic variation