Chapter 4: Organization of the mammalian hypothalamus- pituitary axes

Fill in the blanks for what hormone influences another or is influenced by: Tropic hormone <- Primary hypothalamic hormone TSH <- + TRH FSH <- + GnRH LH <- + GnRH ACTH <- __ _________ PRL <- - Dopamine GH <- - SST; + GHRH MSH <- - Dopamine

+ CRH

Fill in the blanks for what hormone influences another or is influenced by: Tropic hormone <- Primary hypothalamic hormone TSH <- + TRH FSH <- __ __________ LH <- + GnRH ACTH <- + CRH PRL <- - Dopamine GH <- - SST; + GHRH MSH <- - Dopamine

+ GnRH

Fill in the blanks for what hormone influences another or is influenced by: Tropic hormone <- Primary hypothalamic hormone TSH <- _____ _________ FSH <- + GnRH LH <- + GnRH ACTH <- + CRH PRL <- - Dopamine GH <- - SST; + GHRH MSH <- - Dopamine

+ TRH

Fill in the blanks for what hormone influences another or is influenced by: Tropic hormone <- Primary hypothalamic hormone TSH <- + TRH FSH <- + GnRH LH <- + GnRH ACTH <- + CRH PRL <- ___ ____________ GH <- - SST; + GHRH MSH <- - Dopamine

- Dopamine

Corticotrophs can secrete corticotrophin or _________

ACTH

Vasopressin (AVP) and CRH stimulate what hormone? Give letters

ACTH

Tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis are separable into three categories. Category 3 (small peptide) hormones include what four hormones?

ACTH MSH LPH endorphins

GPCR =

G protein coupled receptor

More Ghrelin -> More GHRH -> More cAMP -> More ___

GH

SST is a strong inhibitor of what hormone's release? Give letters

GH

Upon ligand binding, what structures catalyze the activation of intracellular G-proteins by stimulating the conversion of GDP to GTP?

GPCRs

What is the hormone released from the hypothalamus whose levels impact the secretion of GH? Give full name

Ghrelin

Tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis are separable into three categories. Category 2 (large) hormones include what two hormones?

PRL GH

Less Ghrelin -> more ______ -> Less GH.

SST

_____ appears to work through a GPCR linked to a GTP dependent G-protein that prevents the elevation of cAMP necessary to provoke GH release.

SST

Excessive GH secretion results in what condition?

acromegaly

Anterior pituitary aka...

adenohypophysis

The ___________________ contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes (GH); Lactotropes (PRL); gonadotropes (LH and FSH); corticotropes (ACTH) and thyrotropes (TSH).[6]

adenohypophysis

Tropic hormones are released by what part of the pituitary? ______________________

adenohypophysis

ACTH stands for what?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH is a hormone made by the anterior or posterior pituitary gland. ACTH controls the production of cortisol.

anterior

Corticotrophs are in the anterior or posterior pituitary?

anterior

Is the adenohypophysis the anterior or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

anterior

List the two functions/qualities of vasopressin: 1. ____________ 2. _____________ ___

antidiuretic increases BP

Vasopressin binds to the V2 receptor to activate cAMP. This causes phosphorylation of what membrane proteins?

aquaporins

AVP =

arginine vasopressin

What second messenger needs to increase to provoke GH release?

cAMP

Phosphorylation of aquaporins causes them to interact with the luminal cell surface and allow water to enter the ____________ ________ cell.

collectin duct

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is also known as what?

corticotropin

CRH =

corticotropin releasing hormone

ACTH controls the release of what hormone?

cortisol

Secretion of ACTH stimulates synthesis and release of ___________________

cortisol

The hypothalamus is what part of the brain? Choose one: diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon telencephalon

diencephalon

What is the prolactin release-inhibiting hormone?

dopamine

Telencephalon and diencephalon become what region of the brain?

forebrain

The adenohypophysis is glandular or neuronal?

glandular

Tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis are separable into three categories. Category 1 includes what type of hormones? _________________ hormones

glycoprotein

GnRH =

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Corticotrophs are stimulated by CRH. CRH is released by what structure?

hypothalamus

Does the hypothalamus or pituitary secrete releasing and release-inhibiting hormones (RHs and RIHs)?

hypothalamus

One of the most important functions of the ________________ is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

The pituitary is controlled by what structure?

hypothalamus

Vasopressin and oxytocin are primarily produced by the ____________________

hypothalamus

What structure releases CRH?

hypothalamus

What part of the neurohypophysis stores RHs and RIHs (releasing and release-inhibiting hormones) that are secreted from the hypothalamus? Pick one of the bolded terms. Pituitary: - Neurohypophysis * Pars nervosa * Median eminence - Adenohypophysis * Pars intermedia * Pars distalis

median eminence

Posterior pituitary aka...

neurohypophysis

The neurohypophysis is glandular or neuronal?

neuronal

Vasopressin and oxytocin are part of what group of hormones?

nonapeptide hormones

In the hypothalamus, there are neurons. The cell bodies of the neurons that produce these neurohormones are not evenly distributed throughout the hypothalamus. Instead, they are grouped together in paired clusters of cell bodies known as _____________.

nuclei

Two hormones are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis: ____________ and _______________. (Since the neurohypophysis doesn't produce its own hormones, these are hormones from the hypothalamus that the neurohypophysis stores)

oxytocin vasopressin

List the two major parts of the adenohypophysis.

pars distalis pars intermedia

The pars nervosa or median eminence stores oxytocin and vasopressin? Pituitary: - Neurohypophysis * Pars nervosa * Median eminence - Adenohypophysis * Pars intermedia * Pars distalis

pars nervosa

What part of the neurohypophysis stores OXY and AVP that are secreted from the hypothalamus? Pick one of the bolded terms. Pituitary: - Neurohypophysis * Pars nervosa * Median eminence - Adenohypophysis * Pars intermedia * Pars distalis

pars nervosa

What are the two parts of the neurohypophysis?

pars nervosa median eminence

The hypothalamus releases hormones targeted at what gland?

pituitary

Is the neurohypophysis the anterior or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland??

posterior

The anterior or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not capable of producing its own hormones; instead, it stores hypothalamic hormones for later release into the systemic circulation.

posterior

Dopamine is an inhibitor of _________________ and ___________

prolactin melanotropin

GH release-inhibiting hormone is also known as what? Give full name

somatostatin

SST =

somatostatin

Four of the most prominent nuclei are two called ___________ nuclei and two others called the paraventricular nuclei

supraoptic

Neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus secrete hormones that travel to the pituitary gland where they regulate secretion of what type of hormones? _____________ hormones

tropic

The adenohypophysis releases what type of hormones? _____________ hormones

tropic

____________ hormones are hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. These hormones affect growth, function, or nutrition of other endocrine cells.

tropic

List the two nonapeptides. Give full names

vasopressin oxytocin

What is the hormone that stimulates prolactin release? Give letters

TRH

Tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis are separable into three categories. Category 1 (glycoprotein) hormones include what three hormones?

TSH FSH LH

TRH =

Thyrotropin releasing hormone