Chapter 4

physiological dependence

the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress

Simon Baron-Cohen believes that individuals with autism lack the _____.

theory of mind mechanism

Sleep Disorders

- Insomnia: inability to fall/stay asleep -Sleepwalking and sleep talking (Somnambulism) More likely with sleep deprivation or alcohol. Takes place in stage 3 and 4 -Nightmares and Night Terrors: Awakens from REM sleep. Increase in life stressors and the loss of relatives association - Narcolepsy: sudden, involuntary onset of sleep. overpowering urge. while talking or standing up. tire during day - Sleep apnea: inability to breathe during sleep CPAP: mask the prevents airways from collapsing

uses of hypnosis

- Relaxation - Pain control - Reduce food cravings or quit smoking (difficult)

Sleep and disease

-Stroke and Asthma attacks are more common at night -Infectious diseases induce sleep -Sleep problems are common in those with mental disorders. -Sleeplessness is associated with obesity, diabetes, and heart disease -Sleep problems common with Alzheimers, stroke, cancer.

Why we need sleep

1. Animals needed to protect themselves at night. Inactive when its dark because it helps when avoid other animals 2. Sleep is a way to conserve energy. Conserve calories when food is scarce 3. Restorative. Replenishes and rebuilds the brain and the body. 4. Brain's plasticity. Sleep enhances synaptic connections between neurons. Vital for the consolidation of memory.

Steps of Hypnosis

1. Minimize distractions and makes the person to be hypnotized comfortable 2. Tells the person to concentrate on something specific, such as an imagined scene or the ticking of a watch 3. Informs the person what to expect in the hypnotic state, such as relaxation or pleasant floating sensation 4. Suggests certain events or feelings he or she knows will occur or observes occurring, such as 'your eyes are getting tired'. when the suggest effects occur, the person interprets them as being caused by the hypnotists suggestions and accepts them as an indication that something is happening.

Addiction

A physical or psychological dependence on the drug. The persons body rewires a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle light and dark.

Psychoactive Drugs

Act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods. Deal with life difficulties.

Hypnosis

Altered state of consciousness or as a psychological state of altered attention and expectation I which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Biological rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Annual cycles Twenty-four hour cycles Sleep cycles

Explanations of hypnosis

Divided state of consciousness (Hilgard) special state in which consciousness is split in separate components. Social cognitive behavior: normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.

Psychoactive drugs influence which of the following?

Emotions, perceptions, and behavior

no awareness

Freud's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them. ex: having unconscious thoughts, being knocked out by a blow or anesthetized.

unconscious

Generally apples to someone who has been knocked out by a blow or anesthetized, or who ha smaller into a deep, prolonged unconscious state. Sigmund Freud used the term with unconscious thought: a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness. The unconscious as a storehouse or vile thoughts and impulses. ex: desire to have sex with our parents

Sleep plays a large role in many health problems, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Heart disease Obesity Asthma Stroke

Levels of awareness

Higher-level consciousness, lower-level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconscious awareness, no awareness.

In meditation, one may experience an overwhelming feeling of wellness, the sense that everything is going to work out. What is this called?

Hypnagogic reverie

lower level consciousness

Includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming. Ex: Punching in a number on a cell phone; typing on a keyboard when one is an expert; gazing at a sunset.

Consciousness

Individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal (awareness and arousal)

Which of the following describes a condition that paralyzes one's ability to move body parts except the eyes?

Locked-in syndrome

_____ is the hormone that is produced in the brain and is secreted to increase sleepiness.

Melatonin

__________ a hormone produced in the brain's pineal gland, is secreted at about 9:30 P.M. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents.

Melatonin

________ meditation is a technique that can be used to focus on pain and isolate the pain from emotional response.

Mindfulness

Sarah has been practicing meditation for a few weeks, and during stressful times, she's been observing her thoughts rather than allowing them to consume her attention. What is this behavior called?

Open monitoring

With which part of the brain is awareness typically associated?

Prefrontal cortex

Causes of sleep deprivation

Pressures at work and school, family responsibilities, and social obligations. Not having enough hours to do all that we want to need to do in a day.

5 stages of sleep

Stage W: Beta and alpha waves. Beta-concentration and alertness. alpha-relaxation and drowsiness. Stage N1 (NON-REM1) sleep: Rapid eye movements do not occur. drowsy sleep. may experience sudden muscle movements. feeling of falling. report not having been asleep at all Stage N2 (NON-REM2) sleep: Muscle activity decreases, person is no longer consciously aware of environment. report not having been asleep at all Stage N3 (NON-REM3) sleep: Delta waves. delta sleep is out deepest sleep. brain waves are least like our brain waves when were awake. sleepwalking, bed wetting, and sleep talking. when awoken-confused and disoriented Stage R (REM) sleep: Most vivid dreams occur. Longer REM=more likely the person more likely to report dreaming.

Tolerance

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same affect.

Which of the following functions are controlled in the prefrontal cortex? (Select all that apply.)

Thinking through a problem Pausing before acting

Desynchronized Biological Clocks

Thrown off regular schedules. Jet travel, changing work shifts, and insomnia

Physical Dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Periodic fluctuations in the body are known as _____.

biological rhythms

One important part of the practice of meditation is to focus on your _____.

breathing

altered state of consciousness

can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation. Ex: Feeling the effects of haven taken alcohol or psychedelic drugs; undergoing hypnosis to wrote smoking or lose weight.

The_________ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same concepts that are used to study the waking mind.

cognitive

Awareness and arousal are two components of _____.

consciousness

Stream of_________ is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

consciousness

categories of psychoactive drugs

depressants: slow down mental and physical activity. Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates. stimulants: increase the central nervous system activity. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. hallucinogens: Modify a persons perceptual experiences and produce visual images that aren't real. Psychedelic. Marijuana, LSD.

One reason that tired drivers are more likely to become involved in traffic accidents is that sleep deprivation results in _____.

difficulty in paying attention to tasks

Psychoactive__________ are substances that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

drugs

The ability to solve complex problems is considered a type of_______ function.

executive

he act of attending to one's thoughts and bringing awareness to one's inner experiences is called _____.

focused attention

Some psychologists believe that _________ is an altered state of consciousness rather than an altered state of attention.

hypnosis

higher level consciousness

involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness. Ex: Doing a math or science problem; preparing for a debate; taking an at-bat in a baseball game.

chronic sleep deprivation

lack of sleep is stressful and has an impact on the body and the brain. Trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems. Decreased brain activity in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex and leads to recede complicity of the brain activity.

Manifest Content vs Latent Content

manifest- the actual dream itself. surface content latent- the dream is a symbol. Hidden content

________ meditation is a technique that can be used to focus on pain and isolate the pain from emotional response.

mindfulness

By using _____, one is able to make discomfort bearable by isolating pain from one's emotional response to it.

mindfulness meditation

Sleep stages 1 through 3 are referred to as _____.

non-REM sleep

Characteristics of Sleep Cycle

one cycle lasts 90-100 minutes and recurs several times. N3 is much greater in the first half than the second half of night sleep. Most stage R sleep takes place towards the end of a nights sleep. First REM usually only lasts for 10 minutes. Final REM as long as an hour. 60% in light sleep, 20% in delta or deep sleep. and 20% in stage R.

Sleep takes up about _____ of our lives.

one-third

Biological Rhythms

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body. We are unaware of most; rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity. controlled by biological clocks, which include annual or season cycles such as migration of birds an hibernation of bears.

The _________ cortex is the part of the brain associated with awareness.

prefrontal

Depressants are a class of _____.

psychoactive drugs

Hypnosis is most effective when combined with _________

psychotherapy

In the _____ view of hypnosis, hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.

social cognitive behavior

Resetting the biological clock

Bright light during the day, melatonin at night.

subconscious awareness

Can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and daydreaming. Ex: sleeping or dreaming

Circadian Rhythms

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles. include the sleep/wake cycle, body temp, blood pressure, blood sugar level.

circadian rhythm

a daily cycle involving sleep, waking, temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels

Sleeplessness is associated with less effective immune system functioning.

True

True or false: Each stage of sleep is characterized by different types of brain wave patterns.

True

True or false: Individuals in a hypnotic state display a predominance of alpha and beta waves, characteristic of persons in a waking state.

True

True or false: Meditation allows an individual to cultivate compassion toward themselves and others. True false question.

True, Meditation has multiple benefits, including fostering feelings of warmth, friendliness, compassion, and joy

Which of the following are symptoms of insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Waking up too early Trouble falling asleep Waking up during the night