Chapter 4

Who was the psychologist who accidentally discovered classical conditioning when he was studying the digestive system of dogs? Robert Rescoria John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

Anything that strengthens a response or increases the probability that it will occur is a(n) Reinforcer operant behavior Unconditioned response conditioned stimulus

Reinforcer

`In the psychology of learning, any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is called a mark. a discriminative event. a signal. a stimulus.

a stimulus.

putting misbehaving children into a "time out" is an example of behavior modification shaping learned helplessness partial reinforcement

behavior modification

Conditioned response is to unconditioned response as unlearned is to learned learned is to forgotten learned is to unlearned nature is to nurture

learned is to unlearned

Classical conditioning typically involves a ____repsonse, whereas operant conditioning involves a _____response reflexive; involuntary voluntary: reflexive active;passive reflexive; voluntary

reflexive; voluntary

Positive reinforcement ________ responses that precede it. suppresses strengthens facilitates weakens

strengthens

A good way to tell operant from classical conditioning is to decide whether the stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned the process of generalization occurs the response is pleasant or unpleasant the focus is on what precedes the response or what follows the response

the focus is on what precedes the response or what follows the response

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning shows that classically conditioned responses have survival value for organisms. classically conditioned responses endure permanently. the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus has not been completely forgotten. responses learned through classical conditioning are more durable than responses learned through operant conditioning.

classically conditioned responses have survival value for organisms. ?

A baseball player once bent down to pull up both socks before he entered the batter's box. On the second swing he hit a home run. Now everytime he comes up to bat, he bends down and pulls up both socks, even if it isn't necessary. In operant conditioning terms, this player's batting ritual is called discrimination learning generalization learning superstitious behavior rewards shaping

discrimination learning ?

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred is the reverse of positive reinforcement. is called awful reinforcement. is known as prototypical reinforcement. is called negative reinforcement.

is called negative reinforcement.

After repeatedly pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, a trainer presents the conditioned stimulus alone, and the subject responds with a conditioned stimulus. a conditioned response. an unconditioned stimulus. an unconditioned response.

a conditioned response.

A dog salivates in response to a bowl of food. An experimenter then plays a loud tone before the food is presented. The dog eventually starts to saliate when it hears the tone. The US is the Food tone salivating experimenter

Food

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned reflex? Heather turning up the radio whenever her favorite song is played Yvette calling her mother every Sunday afternoon Carole planting a vegetable garden every spring Josh's startle reflex when a car backfires

Josh's startle reflex when a car backfires

Which of the following statements is true of the partial-reinforcement effect? Behaviours that have been partially reinforced rather than continuously reinforced are easier to extinguish. Partial reinforcement results in greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. Behaviours that have been partially reinforced tend only to occur part of the time. Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement in the acquisition of new behaviours.

Partial reinforcement results in greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning? Jaime gives up when she observes she cannot earn an "A" on the calculus test Pete slows down when he sees another car pulled over by the police Jason learns his way around a new town by exploring it all day in his car Wendy receives praise for bringing new clients to the law firm

Pete slows down when he sees another car pulled over by the police

Lisa was stung by a bee when she reached for a flower. As you might expect, she was later very afraid of bees. One day, her boyfriend handed her a flower, Lisa was surprised that she then felt a small degree of fear whenever she looked at the flower. When Lisa's fear transferred from bee to flower, this is an example of Response generalization imitation learning spontaneous recovery higher order conditioning

Response generalization

In an early study of aggression, Albert Bandura found that young children later modelled aggressive behaviour if they had been exposed to either a live, filmed or cartoon-type model behaving aggressively. a filmed version of the model behaving aggressively. a film version of a cartoon-type character behaving aggressively in a fantasy-like setting. a live model behaving aggressively.

either a live, filmed or cartoon-type model behaving aggressively.

Punishment is most effective when it is of a moderate intensity and applied on a variable schedule. it is given immediately after the undesired behaviour. it is relatively mild. it is applied on a variable-ratio schedule.

it is given immediately after the undesired behaviour.

One account of why poverty is so difficult to overcome suggests that people living in poverty have given up, perceiving that their condition is inescapable. This explanation sounds most like avoidance learning the punishment effect the consequences of punishment learned helplessness

learned helplessness

Mrs. Larson goves her students a star for every perfect homework paper. In this case, the star serves as a discriminative reinforcer discriminitiv​e stimulus negative reinforcer positive reinforcer

positive reinforcer

In operant conditioning, shaping is done by observing others as they receive rewards or punishments and deciding what behaviors you will perform rewarding gradual approximations toward the desired response giving the reward every time the organism performs the desired behavior pairing the naural stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

rewarding gradual approximations toward the desired response

Henry would like his son to keep his bedroom tidy. He decides to check the room each day. If the room is acceptable, his son will recieve one paper clip. The paperclips can later be traded in for rewards such as candy and movie tickets. In behavior modification terms, the paper clips would be called vouchers tokens US CR

tokens

In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elicits a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the generalized stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. neutral stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus.

Bandura showed that children exposed to aggressive models used significantly more aggression than the control group. showed more evidence of fear than aggression learned to ignore the aggression were afraid of other adults as well

used significantly more aggression than the control group.

A ___________________schedule of reinforcement results in the greatest resistance to extinction variable-ratio variable interval fixed interval fixed ratio

variable-ratio

In classical conditioning, a gradual fading of the __ is called extinction CS UR CR US

CR