Chapter 4 Study Guide
What are the functions of the rough ER?
Ribosomes are attached to the outer membrane additional membrane for itself and secretory proteins
____________ ______________used the first microscope and discovered "little rooms" in a piece of bark from and oak tree
Robert Hooke
What is the plasmodesmata?
junctions between plant cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
What size does the surface area of a cell need to be?
large enough to service the cell
What is a vacuole?
large vesicles that membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.
What are flagella?
long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.
What is the Prokaryotic structure?
a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle. We will shortly come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes
What is the function of the nucleolus?
make the ribosomal RNA, rRNA, from the instructions of DNA... these go together to make ribosomes.
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic lacks a nucleus, Eukaryotic has a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have organelles, prokaryotic does not.
What are ribosomes?
site of protein synthesis
What does the chloroplast do?
the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae.
Other protists, may move using ____________ as well as cilia
Flagella
Where is stroma in a plant cell?
Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast.
What is stroma and what does it contain?
It is a thick liquid containing chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, many enzymes thylakoids
What are Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes) made of ?
Keratin, the same protein found in hair and fingernails
What is cilia?
The short, numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium. They are found all over the surface of the cell.
What are the 3 types of junctions in animal cells?
Tight, anchoring, and gap
What is the extracellular matrix?
a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
What is an example of how a gap junction works?
a hormone that activates in one cell will activate in nearby cells.
What are thylakoids?
a network of interconnected sacs in the stroma of a chloroplast
What is the function of plasmodesmata?
allow plants tissues to share: •water •nourishment, and •chemical messages.
How is the microtubule assembly anchored?
anchored in a basal body with nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring.
Is the extracellular matrix found in plant or animal cells?
animal
What are dynein feet?
bending motor proteins that allow cilia and flagella to move.
What does cyto mean?
cell
What is a cell wall made of?
cellulose
What is a gap junction?
channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells. leaves a gap so that molecules can pass through one cell to the next.
What is photosynthesis?
conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules.
What is an example of a tight junction?
digestive track
What are anchoring junctions?
fasten cells together(rivets) into sheets. Intermediate filaments made from sturdy proteins anchors these junctions in the cytoplasm. Hold the cells together to each other.
Which is longer flagella or cilia?
flagella
What is the extracellular matrix made of?
glycoproteins such as collagen
Sometimes thylakoids are stacked like poker chips. These stacks are called ______.
granum
What does the extracellular matrix do?
helps hold cells together, protects and supports the plasma membrane
Where in the plant would you find the most chloroplasts?
in the leaves
What is the function of cristae?
increase the membrane's surface area, enhancing the mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP.
What are the parts of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Both flagella and cilia are composed of ___________ and extend from the __________ ___________
microtubules, plasma membrane
How does cilia work?
more like the oars of a boat.
What are cilia and flagella used for?
movement
What are intergins?
other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins
What type of cell has a cell wall?
plant cell
What are tight junctions?
prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.
Plant cells initially have a thin and flexible ____________ wall, which allows the growing cell to continue to ______________.
primary, enlarge
The structure of the DNA and ribosomes located within mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to that found in _____________ _________>
prokaryotic cells
What is the function of a cell wall?
protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright
Plant walls not only have a primary cell wall but also a _____________ cell wall.
secondary
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?
smooth and rough
What kind of specimen did Robert Hooke use to discover cells?
tree bark
What is the function of a thylakoid?
where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy. light reactions in photosynthesis.
How do flagella move a cell?
whip like motion
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
• lacks ribosomes •the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids,(ovaries and testes) •the production of enzymes that help process drugs, alcohol, and other potentially harmful substances, and(liver) detox •the storage of calcium ions. (muscle cells) Helps make parts of the cells Helps manufacture proteins
What are the 4 characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?
•Evolved from prokaryotic cells •Has a membrane-enclosed nucleus where DNA is stored •Has membrane-enclosed organelles •Domain of eukaryotic cells: Eukarya
What are the 8 characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
•First type of cell to evolve •Survived on Earth for over 1.5 billion years •Are small and simple in structure •Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells •NUCLEOID: contains the DNA but has no membrane that surrounds the DNA •Ribosomes are smaller and differ from eukaryotic cells •Contains FLAGELLA: long projections that help the cell propel through it's liquid environment •Domain of prokaryotic cells: Bacteria and Archaea
What basic features do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?
•PLASMA MEMBRANE: aka CELL MEMBRANE: •CYTOSOL: •CHROMOSOMES: •RIBOSOMES: •CYTOPLASM:
What are the characteristics of microfilaments?
•Solid rods of globular protein actin and arranged in a twisted double chain. •support the cell's shape and •are involved in motility.
What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments?
•are found in the cells of most animals, •reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles(nucleus), and are often more permanent fixtures in the cell Solid rods coiled together
What is the main function of the nucleus and the ribosomes?
•carry out the genetic control of the cell
What does the Mitochondrial Matrix contain?
•the mitochondrial DNA, •ribosomes, and •many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration. •Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane, called cristae,
What is a nucleolus?
condensed region where ribosomes are made.
Some protists have _______________ vacuoles, which help eliminate ________ from the protist.
contractile, water
What is cellular respiration?
converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
In plants, vacuoles may have_____________ functions, contain ____________, or contain __________ that protect the plant.
digestive, pigments, poisons
What is the function of messenger or mRNA?
directs protein synthesis
What is a nuclear envelope?
double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
What is the inter membrane space of the mitochondria?
narrow region between the inner and outer membranes.
What organelle are lysosomes processed in?
Golgi Apparatus
Called these "little rooms" ________________ in latin
cellulae
What are intermediate filaments?
Fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place, part of the cytoskeleton• that super coils into cables.
What are Microfilaments?
Fibrous proteins( actin) form the cellular cortex part of the cytoskeleton
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.
What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
All cells share four common components: 1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell's interior from its surrounding environment; 2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found; 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and 4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins. However,
What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes (discussed under the cytoskeleton), and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
DNA is made up of proteins and structures called_______?
Chromosomes
The Nucleus is the __________ _________ of the cell. It ___________ the plan, ________ the orders, and _____________ itself
Command Center, stores, gives, replicates
What is the nuclear envelope's function?
Controls the flow of material into and out of the nucleus
What type of membranes distinguish eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Internal membranes
________________________used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood, sperm, and ponds.
Leewenhoek
What is the nuclear envelope?
Membrane enclosing the nucleus. Protein lined pores allow material to move in and out.
What is a peroxisome and what is it function?
Metabolic compartmental organelle that metabolizes waste in a cell that do not originate in the endomembrane system. detoxify your liver Breaks down fatty acids to be used as fuel.
Which type of cell has a central vacuole, plant or animal?
Plant
What is the first type of cell to evolve?
Prokaryotic cell
What type of macromolecule is found in the nuclear envelope?
Protein
___________________ is important to microscopes because it helps clarify the image
Resolution
What organelle makes lysosomes?
Rough ER
_____________ ______________ ______________uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a cell or samples that are usually coated with gold to help scan....uses electromagnets as lens
Scanning Electron Microscope
________________ _______________ _______________used to study the details of internal cell structure....specimen is coasted with heavy metals then aims a beam of electrons at it...uses electromagnets as lens
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
What does the nuclear envelope must directly connect to?
The endoplasmic reticulum
What are the two internal compartments of mitochondria?
The intermembrane space The mitchondrial matrix
What is the endomembrane system?
a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, and vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane.
What is chromatin?
a mass of proteins and DNA found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing or reproducing. condensed proteins with DNA wrapped around it.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
•energy processing
With eukaryotic cilia and flagella, a ring of _______ microtubule ________ surrounds a central pair of microtubules.
9, doublets
What part of a cytoskeleton does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not>
Centrosome
Which is more numerous, flagella or cilia?
Cilia, flagella are usually limited to one or a few per cell.
What is an example of an anchoring junction?
Common in tissues subjected to stretch like skin and muscle.
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain?
DNA, ribosomes
What is another term for Anchoring Junctions?
Desmosomes
What holds the primary and secondary cell walls together?
Pectin, a polysaccharide
What are the cell junctions of plant cells called?
Plasmodesmata
Who discovered the cell and when?
Robert Hooke in 1665
What do intergins do?
Span the membrane and attach on the other side to proteins connected to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
What is a common cell that uses flagella?
Sperm
What are the characteristics of microtubules?
Straight hollow tubes, readily disassembled and moved, shape and support the cell •act as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins move. •Guides movement of chromosome when cell divide. •Main component of cilia and flagella.
What is a ring of 9 microtubule doubles surrounding a central pair of microtubules arrangement called?
The 9+2 pattern.
What is the difference between a nucleoid and a nucleus?
A nucleoid does not have a membrane around the DNA but a nucleus does.
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
What is a ribosome?
Cellular components that get instructions from the nucleus, help write mRNA to build proteins
What is Chromatin?
DNA plus associated proteins
____________ ______________focuses on using a beam of electrons through the specimen...doesn't use light to magnify the specimen
Electron Microscope
What is the largest component of the endomembrane?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the Domain of eukaryotic cells?
Eukarya
What type of cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells
_______________ _____________first type of microscopes, visible light that passes through a specimen....light travels through the specimen then through the lenses
Light Compound Microscope
What are the parts of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic membrane, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various types of vesicles and vacuoles and plasma membrane
Organelles can be categorized into 4 basic functional groups:
Nucleus and Ribosome:, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes:, Mitochondria:, Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall:
•All eukaryotic cells contain _____________________. little organs that perform specific tasks found in the cells that contains a bounded membrane
Organelles
What are microtubules?
Part of the cytoskeleton made of (tubular) thin filaments. They are straight hollow tubes
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules (within the cytoplasm)....are linked to the nuclear envelope
What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes?
carry out manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
What do cells need to be large enough to carry?
carry the DNA, protein molecules, and structures to survive and carry on reproduction
All the organelles internal membranes help carry out chemical activities which is called ___________ ___________________.
cellular metabolism
What is the cytoplasm?
comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
The organelles house _____________________ that are essential for metabolic process •
enzymes
How do prokaryotic cells move?
flagella or cilia
How long have prokaryotes been around?
for over 1.5 billion years
Where are ribosomes found?
free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope
What are the functions of lysosomes?
fuse with food vacuoles and digest food, destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, or fuse with other vesicles containing damaged organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell.
The Nucleus contains the ___________ information of the cell encoded with _________ and controls the cell activities making ____________ synthesis
genetic, DNA, protein
What is the nucleus?
houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.
What is a lysosome?
is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that digests food and waste materials in the cell
Are eukaroytic cell organelles membrane-enclosed or free?
membrane-enclosed
Eukaryotic cells have a _____________-______________ nucleus where________ is stored
membrane-enclosed, DNA
What is the centrosome?
microtubule organizing center; microtubules grow out of a centrosome, which contains a pair of centrioles, each composed of a ring of microtubules. Only in animal cells.
What are the parts of a cytoskeleton in animal cell?
microtubules, centrosome, intermediate filaments microfilaments
What are the parts of a cytoskeleton in plant cell?
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
What are the parts of a nucleus?
nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin
All eukaryotic cells have a _________________ that contains the DNA that is made up of the genetic instructions
nucleus
What is a plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a _____________ _____________
plasma membrane
What is the mitochondria?
power house of the cell and produces and supplies the cell with energy •organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
What does a cell wall do in a plant cell?
protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.
The nucleus controls the cells activities by directing ____________ ______________.
protein synthesis
Proteins that are made on free ____________ function within the __________.
ribosomes, cytosol
What is the golgi apparatus?
serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER. It looks like a pile of flattened sacs
What are cilia?
short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or move substances along the outer surface of the cell.
What does the plastid do?
stores pigments
What does the central vacuole do?
stores water; provides internal support, stockpiles vital chemicals and may act as the trash can storing toxic waste products.
What are the functions of the Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall?
structural support, movement, and communication between cells
What does the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell contain?
the DNA but has no membrane that surrounds the DNA
Eukaryotic cells can be ______ celluar or __________ cellular
uni, multi
