Chapter 4 TF/Multiple choice/short answer A&P Exam 1
All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one. 1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. 3. Granulation tissue is formed. 4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 5. The scar retracts. 6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 7. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break.
1-4-3-7-6-5-2
Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________. A) chondrocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________. A) lines the respiratory tract B) aids in digestion C) possesses no goblet cells D) is not an epithelial classification
A
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract? A) dense microvilli B) a rich vascular supply C) fibroblasts D) cilia
A
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? A) goblet cells B) mast cells C) macrophages D) cilia
A
Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) highly cellular and well vascularized B) cuboidal shape enhances function C) contains contractile units made of collagen D) is a single-celled tissue
A
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D) These glands are ductless.
A
Which statement best describes connective tissue? A) usually contains a large amount of matrix B) always arranged in a single layer of cells C) primarily concerned with secretion D) usually lines a body cavity
A
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue
A
Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight?
Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume.
________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes.
Areolar or loose connective
Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix C) located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage D) never lose their ability to divide
B
Epithelial tissue ________. A) is highly vascularized B) has a basement membrane C) is usually acellular D) contains a number of neuron types
B
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous
B
In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________. A) mitotic division of existing epithelial cells B) stem cells C) underlying epithelial cells D) components of the connective tissue
B
Matrix is composed of ________. A) cells and fibers B) fibers and ground substance C) ground substance and cells D) all organic compounds
B
Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________. A) organ B) tissue C) organism D) organ system
B
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
B
Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands. A) Compound glands are so called because they are constructed from more than one cell type. B) The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing. C) Exocrine glands always lack ducts. D) Merocrine glands release their secretion by pinching off part of the cell.
B
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.
B
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle
B
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________. A) hydroxyapatite crystals B) collagen fibers C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers
B
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) adipose tissue B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage
B
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? A) live cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers
B
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? A) microvilli B) Golgi bodies C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei
B
How is blood unique among connective tissues?
Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances, and it attaches to several gasses.
A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very small scar. How could this be possible?
By making a thin incision, the amount of granulation (scar-forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, the layer of epithelium thickens and resembles the adjacent tissue. The final result may be only a fine white line.
An epithelial membrane ________. A) usually involves transitional epithelium B) is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle C) contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane D) never contains mucus-forming cells
C
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage? A) It is more vascularized. B) It contains more nuclei. C) Fibers are not normally visible. D) It has more elastic fibers.
C
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) areolar B) dense regular C) embryonic D) reticular
C
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________. A) structurally into alveolar and acinar types B) structurally into vascular and avascular types C) functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions D) functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types
C
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.
C
Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process. A) The type of tissue injured is not an important factor. B) Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair. C) The age of the person is a factor in the repair process. D) The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair.
C
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? A) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue C) osseous tissue D) areolar tissue
C
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes? A) simple transitional B) simple columnar C) simple squamous D) simple cuboidal
C
Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.
C
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.
C
Which of these is not considered connective tissue? A) cartilage B) adipose C) muscle D) blood
C
he first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue
C
nability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous
C
________ live in the lacunae of cartilage.
Chondrocytes
A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) simple cuboidal B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous
D
Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. A) simple tubular B) compound tubular C) simple alveolar D) compound alveolar
D
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
D
What are glycosaminoglycans? A) positively charged proteins B) negatively charged proteins C) positively charged polysaccharides D) negatively charged polysaccharides
D
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Stratified cuboidal B) Stratified columnar C) Transitional D) Pseudostratified columnar
D
Explain what is meant by epithelial tissue being avascular but innervated.
Epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels but is supplied by nerve fibers.
In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so?
Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunity for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens.
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity.
FALSE
Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
FALSE
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
FALSE
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
FALSE
Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
FALSE
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
FALSE
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
FALSE
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.
FALSE
Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
FALSE
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
FALSE
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.
FALSE
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the body and found only in the pharynx, larynx, and anorectal junction.
FALSE
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
FALSE
Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation tissue for wound healing to occur.
Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed. This means the wound bed has a meshwork of capillaries that provide oxygen-rich blood to the wound for healing.
How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue?
In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue is avascular. Epithelial tissue has three cell types that cover or line things and make tubes. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue has cells spaced far apart and is highly vascular (except cartilage). The cells of connective tissue vary greatly in shape and size. Connective tissue glues other tissues together and has three fiber types. Connective tissue tends to be nonpolar. Connective tissue has a large amount of ground substance; epithelial tissue does not.
The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?
Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells, which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form.
Describe local clinical signs and symptoms of the inflammatory stage of wound healing.
Pain, swelling, redness, and heat.
Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity.
A 19-year-old model for Glamour magazine tripped over an extension cord, causing injury to her epidermis. She is afraid the injury will leave a scar. Based on your knowledge of regeneration, what would you say to this patient?
Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function. Scaring would be minimal, if there are no complications such as infection.
________ muscle cells are multinucleated.
Skeletal
What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. At the basement membrane the cells tend to be columnar or cuboidal and flatten out as they work their way to the surface. Transitional epithelium has cells that are pretty much the same shape from the basement membrane to the surface. The surface cells are generally the largest cells. The cells change their shape according to the pressure applied.
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
TRUE
Brown fat is frequently deposited between the shoulder blades of infants.
TRUE
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
TRUE
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
TRUE
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.
TRUE
Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
TRUE
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
TRUE
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption.
TRUE
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
TRUE
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
TRUE
Sweat glands are apocrine glands.
TRUE
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
TRUE
Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why?
Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together.
What are the primary germ layers during embryonic development and what do they ultimately produce?
The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside. The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue. The endoderm produces all internal organs.
A 6-year-old child fell off his bike and scraped his knee. Describe the first stage of wound healing.
The first stage is the inflammatory stage, characterized by hemostasis (cessation of bleeding) and formation of blood clots and phagocytosis by leukocytes and macrophages.
Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury.
The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and the mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense.
John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?
The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to remain in the lungs.
All epithelial tissue rests upon a(n) ________ composed of connective tissue.
basement membrane
Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________.
branched
The salivary glands are a good example of a(n) ________ exocrine gland.
compound tubuloaveolar
What distinguishes cancer cells from the cells of benign neoplasms?
metastasis and invasiveness
Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?
phagocytosis
Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium.
simple cuboidal
Multiple rows of cells covering a tissue in which the cells are the same shape from the basement membrane to the surfaces would be ________ epithelia.
transitional
