Chapter 41 Nutrition and Metabolism

The action of phosphatase enzyme is to catalyze the: a. combination of phosphate with glucose. b. release of glucose from phosphate. c. movement of glucose through the cell membrane. d. formation of ATP.

B release of glucose from phosphate

A term for substances such as iron, iodine, zinc, and manganese is: a. bulk nutrient. b. trace element. c. macromineral. d. both A and C.

B trace element

An increase of body temperature of 1 degree Celsius will necessitate an increase in metabolism of approximately: a. 7%. b. 11%. c. 13%. d. 15%.

C 13%

The cycle in which an ATP high-energy bond is broken to yield a phosphate group, ADP, and energy and then recombined to form ATP is called the: a. conversion of monosaccharides. b. ATP conversion. c. ATP/ADP system. d. metabolic pathway.

C ATP/ADP system

Which of the following minerals is important in bone formation, blood clotting, and nerve function? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt

C Calcium

Which of the following minerals is important in stomach acid production? a. Iron b. Calcium c. Chlorine d. Sodium

C Chlorine

What process uses high-energy electrons and hydrogen carriers to release energy? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

D Electron transport chain

Which of the following is not true of ATP? a. It is a high-energy substance. b. It is formed by the synthesis of ADP and phosphate. c. It releases energy when split. d. It cannot be recycled after it is broken down.

D It cannot be recycled after it is broken down

Which of the following types of cells contains phosphatase? a. Heart b. Brain c. Muscle d. Kidney

D Kidney

Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be absorbed directly into the cells? a. Cellulose b. Polysaccharides c. Disaccharides d. None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells

D None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells

A hormone that stimulates the conversion of proteins to glucose is: a. ACTH. b. growth hormone. c. thyroid hormone. d. TSH.

A ACTH

Which of the following is a factor that reduces appetite? a. An increase in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus b. A decrease in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus c. A decrease in blood glucose d. None of the above factors has an effect on appetite.

A An increase in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus

Which of the following is the correct order of the body's energy fuel preference, starting with the first choice and ending with the third choice? a. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins b. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats c. Fats, carbohydrates, proteins d. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats

A Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Which of the following is true of energy released by the breakdown of food substances? a. It is used to synthesize ATP. b. It is used to decompose ATP. c. It is changed to heat energy and used for cell functioning. d. It is used directly for cell functioning.

A It is used to synthesize ATP

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis? a. It occurs in the mitochondria. b. Glucose is split into two pyruvic acid molecules. c. It is an anaerobic process. d. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the reaction.

A It occurs in the mitochondria

Which process begins with acetyl CoA and produces high-energy electrons and hydrogen carrier molecules? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

A Krebs cycle

Glucose cannot be secreted from what cells once glucose phosphorylation has occurred in them? a. Muscle cells b. Kidney cells c. Liver cells d. Intestinal mucosa cells

A Muscle cells

Which of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP, RNA, and DNA? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt

A Phosphorus

Which of the following stimulates protein synthesis? a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. Glucagon d. ACTH

A Testosterone

Which of the following vitamins can the body make? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K c. Biotin d. The body can make all of the above vitamins.

A Vitamin D

Protein, or nitrogen, balance means protein: a. anabolism equals protein catabolism. b. anabolism exceeds protein catabolism. c. catabolism exceeds protein anabolism.

A anabolism equals protein catabolism

Deamination, the splitting off of an amino group from an amino acid molecule to form a molecule of ammonia and one of keto acid, is the first step in protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism.

A catabolism

The process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the: a. liver. b. skeletal muscle. c. brain. d. All of the above are correct.

A liver

Glucagon increases the activity of: a. phosphorylase. b. phosphatase. c. amylase. d. glucokinase.

A phosphorylase

The hormone capable of causing both protein anabolism and catabolism is: a. thyroid hormone. b. growth hormone. c. insulin. d. ACTH.

A thyroid hormone

Catabolism of fatty acids, without any other food product availability, causes the production of: a. glucose. b. ketone bodies. c. cholesterol. d. ADP.

B ketone bodies

A person who consumes 6000 kilocalories per day and burns only 5000 kilocalories per day would gain approximately ____ pounds over a 10-day period. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

B 3

If 4 molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would gain _____ molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

B 8

If four molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would receive _____ molecules of ATP. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

B 8

Which of the following is most indicative of a normal blood sugar level? a. 60 to 80 mg/100 ml b. 80 to 90 mg/100 ml c. 110 to 125 mg/100 ml d. 135 to 150 mg/100 m

B 80 to 90 mg/100 ml

Carbohydrates must be converted to which molecule before entering the citric acid cycle? a. Citric acid b. An acetyl group c. Coenzyme A (CoA) d. Pyruvate

B An acetyl group

Which process produces lactate? (The Cori cycle helps repay the oxygen debt incurred by this process.) a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

B Anaerobic pathway

Which statement best compares the processes of anabolism and catabolism? a. Both catabolism and anabolism take place outside of the cells in the GI tract. b. Catabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Anabolism does the opposite. c. Anabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Catabolism does the opposite. d. Anabolism occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells, undergo many chemical changes, and release ATP for energy; catabolism doesn't release ATP.

B Catabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Anabolism does the opposite.

An increased blood sugar level stimulates which of the following to occur? a. Glycogenolysis b. Glycogenesis c. Gluconeogenesis d. Glycolysis

B Glycogenesis

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all human cells. b. Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen. c. Glycolysis breaks the chemical bonds in glucose molecules and thereby releases about 5% of the energy stored in them. d. Glycolysis is an essential process because it prepares glucose for the second step in catabolism, namely, the citric acid cycle.

B Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen

Which of the following is not part of "basal conditions"? a. Awake but lying down and not moving a muscle b. In a preabsorptive state c. In a warm, comfortable environment d. All of the above are part of basal conditions.

B In a preabsorptive state

A deficiency in which of the following minerals leads to thyroid enlargement and a decrease in the metabolic rate? a. Potassium b. Iodine c. Calcium d. Phosphorus

B Iodine

Which of the following minerals is important in blood cell production? a. Magnesium b. Iron c. Manganese d. Iodine

B Iron

Diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol tend to increase the blood ____ concentration. a. HDL b. LDL c. VLDL

B LDL

Which statement best explains how orexigenic factors affect appetite? a. Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that decrease appetite. b. Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite. c. Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center—meaning that impulses from these neurons decrease appetite so that we feel sated, or satisfied. d. Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center—meaning that impulses from these neurons increase appetite.

B Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite.

Which of the following names is not a term used for the aerobic breakdown of food substances? a. Citric acid cycle b. Pyruvate cycle c. Krebs cycle d. Tricarboxylic acid cycle

B Pyruvate cycle

The process by which proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes in all cells is called protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism. d. transcription.

B anabolism

Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy. a. synthesis; release b. decomposition; release c. synthesis; use d. decomposition; use

B decomposition; release

The conversion of proteins to glucose is an example of: a. glycogenesis. b. gluconeogenesis. c. glycogenolysis. d. glycolysis.

B gluconeogenesis

The preferred energy fuel of the body is: a. fructose. b. glucose. c. amino acids. d. fatty acids.

B glucose

The process of splitting glycogen is called: a. glycogenesis. b. glycogenolysis. c. gluconeogenesis.

B glycogenolysis

The hormone that has a tendency to inhibit fat catabolism is: a. ACTH. b. insulin. c. growth hormone. d. glucocorticoids.

B insulin

All of the following are a result of lipid anabolism except: a. cholesterol. b. ketone bodies. c. triglycerides. d. prostaglandins.

B ketone bodies

Which statement explains how a diet that is low in carbohydrates would reduce the amount of fat in the body? a. Carbohydrates act as a fat sparer; therefore, fat goes through anabolism to reduce body fat. b. Certain carbohydrates called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors metabolize fat. c. Fewer carbohydrates would result in fats moving out of adipose tissue and being catabolized. d. Fat catabolism is inversely related to the rate of carbohydrate anabolism.

C Fewer carbohydrates would result in fats moving out of adipose tissue and being catabolized.

What process has pyruvic acid and two gained ATPs as end products? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

Which of the following is not a result of insulin deficiency? a. Low glycogen storage b. Slow glycogenesis c. Increased glucose catabolism d. All of the above are results of insulin deficiency.

C Increased glucose catabolism

Which of the following hormones is not hyperglycemic? a. Glucagon b. Glucocorticoids c. Insulin d. Epinephrine

C Insulin

Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient? a. Carbohydrates b. Calcium c. Iron d. Neither B nor C is considered a macronutrient.

C Iron

Which of the following is a characteristic of an unsaturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. None of the above are characteristics of an unsaturated fat.

C It has at least one double bond

Which of the following is true of metabolism? a. It involves both a physical and a chemical breakdown of foods. b. It occurs both inside and outside of cells. c. It involves synthesis and decomposition. d. Energy is released from the process of anabolism and catabolism.

C It involves synthesis and decomposition

In which of the following cells is glucose phosphorylation reversible? a. Heart b. Pancreas c. Kidney d. Muscle

C Kidney

Glucose phosphorylation is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? a. Amylase b. Glucokinase c. Phosphatase d. Phosphorylase

C Phosphatase

Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient? a. Zinc b. Iodine c. Sodium d. All of the above are considered micronutrients.

C Sodium

ADP is an abbreviation for: a. aniline diphosphate. b. adenine diphosphate. c. adenosine diphosphate. d. adenosine triphosphate.

C adenosine diphosphate

"Occurs when nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo many chemical changes" is the textbook definition of: a. metabolism. b. anabolism. c. assimilation. d. catabolism.

C assimilation

All of the following hormones control lipid metabolism except: a. ACTH. b. glucocorticoids. c. epinephrine. d. insulin.

C epinephrine

The appetite center is located in the: a. stomach. b. small intestine. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebrum.

C hypothalmus

The basal metabolic rate is higher in all of the following situations except: a. youth compared with adult. b. male compared with female. c. hypothermia compared with fever. d. excess of thyroid hormone compared with the normal level.

C hypothermia compared with fever

The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the: a. ribosome. b. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. d. Golgi apparatus.

C mitochondria

Excess glucose and amino acids are converted to: a. fatty acids. b. glycerol. c. triglycerides. d. phospholipids.

C triglycerides

The most common lipids in the diet are: a. phospholipids. b. cholesterol. c. triglycerides. d. prostaglandins.

C triglycerides

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet? a. D b. K c. C d. E

C vitamin C

A term for substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium is: a. bulk nutrient. b. trace element. c. macromineral. d. both A and C.

D Both A and C (bulk nutrient and macromineral)

Malnutrition includes a deficiency or imbalance of: a. water. b. food. c. vitamins. d. both B and C.

D Both B and C (food and vitamins)

Which of the following substances is not transported as part of a chylomicron? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. Phospholipid d. All of the above are transported as part of a chylomicron.

D All of the above are transported as part of a chylomicron (glucose, cholesterol, and phospholipids)

When the blood glucose level starts to decrease toward lower than normal: a. liver cells increase the rate at which they convert glycogen, amino acids, and fats to glucose. b. there is an increase in glycogenolysis. c. there is an increase in gluconeogenesis. d. all of the above occur.

D All of the above occur (liver cells increase the rate at which they convert glycogen, amino acids, and fats to glucose, there is an increase in glycogenolysis, and there is an increase in gluconeogenesis)

The hormone that raises blood sugar level by causing a shift to fat catabolism is: a. ACTH. b. growth hormone. c. thyroid hormone. d. both A and B

D Both A and B (ACTH and growth hormone)

Metabolic rates are expressed as: a. normal or as a percentage above or below normal. b. the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day. c. kilocalories per pound of body weight. d. both A and B.

D Both A and B (normal or as a percentage above or below normal and the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day)

Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat.

D Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat (it is a solid at room temperature and it contains all the hydrogen it can hold)

If a person's total metabolic rate (TMR) were 2400 calories, would his or her basal metabolic rate (BMR) be more or less than 2400 calories? a. Less because BMR is about 55% to 60% of the TMR. b. More because BMR is about 55% to 60% more than the TMR. c. Neither because BMR is equal to the TMR. d. Not enough information is given to determine the answer.

D Not enough information is given to determine the answer

ACTH affects metabolism by stimulating the release of: a. epinephrine. b. thyroxine. c. glucagon. d. glucocorticoids.

D glucocorticoids

The enzyme that catalyzes glucose phosphorylation is: a. phosphorylase. b. phosphatase. c. amylase. d. glucokinase.

D glucokinase

All cells have basically the same metabolic rate. (T/F)

False

All cells have the ability to digest glycogen and release glucose into the blood. (T/F)

False

All types of complex carbohydrates are broken down in the body into simpler carbohydrates before they are absorbed. (T/F)

False

Both epinephrine and glucagon accelerate liver and muscle glycogenolysis. (T/F)

False

Energy released and used for forming ATP comes from the ionization of oxygen. (T/F)

False

Heat released in catabolism is used as an energy source for cell functions. (T/F)

False

Hormones that cause the blood level of glucose to rise are called hypoglycemic. (T/F)

False

In the electron transport system, electrons moving down the carrier chain release bursts of energy used to pump neutrons into the compartment between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion. (T/F)

False

Incretins are released by the pancreas into the small intestines in response to high glucose concentration in the chyme. (T/F)

False

Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the breakdown of ATP into ADP, phosphate, and energy in the presence of oxygen. (T/F)

False

A high level of HDLs is associated with a low incidence of heart disease. (T/F)

True

An evening meal is eaten at 6 PM. Nothing more is eaten until 8 AM. Glycogenolysis alone can maintain a normal blood sugar level between the two meals. (T/F)

True

At the end of the cytochrome electron transport process, oxygen accepts two electrons and combines with two hydrogen ions. (T/F)

True

Both fatty acids and glycerol enter at the Krebs cycle to be catabolized. (T/F)

True

Glucagon accelerates glycogenolysis in liver cells. (T/F)

True

Insulin comes from the beta cells of the pancreas. (T/F)

True

Intermediate products formed during the Krebs cycle are all acids. (T/F)

True

Lipoproteins are produced primarily in the liver. (T/F)

True

Metabolism requires the use of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. (T/F)

True

Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the joining of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. (T/F)

True

Products derived from anabolism may differ from cell to cell. (T/F)

True

The conversion of proteins to glucose is an example of gluconeogenesis. (T/F)

True

Whereas insulin tends to decrease the blood glucose level, glucagon tends to increase it. (T/F)

True