Chapter 42

44. True or false: The axon of a neuron can only communicate with other neuronal cells. True / False

FALSE Motorneurons communicate directly with muscle.

4. If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball instead, which tissue responds first? A. epithelial tissue B. ectoderm C. nerve tissue D. muscle tissue

C. nerve tissue

51. Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue? A. central nervous system B. osmic nerve C. peripheral nervous system D. neuroglial system

C. peripheral nervous system

56. A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist examine in this couple? A. reproductive and nervous systems B. endocrine and urinary systems C. reproductive and endocrine systems D. reproductive and urinary systems

C. reproductive and endocrine systems

58. Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions? A. response B. effector C. sensor D. integrating center E. stimulus

C. sensor

10. What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called? A. columnar B. pseudostratified C. squamous D. cuboidal E. stratified

C. squamous

5. In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues? A. epithelial B. connective C. supportive D. muscle E. nerve

C. supportive

77. After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________." A. towels; heating B. weight machines; treadmills C. the water cooler; air conditioning D. the water cooler; towels

C. the water cooler; air conditioning

78. If an animal suffered damage to the temperature sensor in its brain, what would be the result? A. The integrating center would not receive inputs to compare to the set point. Body temperature could rise or fall to dangerous levels. B. Only the integumentary system is required to sense temperature changes. Body temperature would remain stable. C. The animal would have to rely on shivering instead of vasoconstriction to maintain body heat. D. The animal would fall back onto a more primitive ectothermic mode of regulation.

A. The integrating center would not receive inputs to compare to the set point. Body temperature could rise or fall to dangerous levels.

20. Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common? A. They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material. B. They all provide structural support to the body. C. They are all hard tissues. D. They all physically bind other tissues together.

A. They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

47. In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation? A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites. B. Neurons are not electrically active -- you should be recording neuroglia instead. C. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its axons. D. Excessive myelination is blocking inputs to the cell.

A. When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites.

73. A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was A. an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP. B. a maladaptive response that wastes energy. C. an attempt to produce heat by creating friction with their clothing. D. a social signal that evolved to alert adults to take action.

A. an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP

48. What structure do myelin sheaths form along? A. axons B. dendrites C. neuroglia D. cell bodies E. ganglia

A. axons

31. Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue? A. bone B. an exoskeleton C. each other D. nerves E. the plasma membrane

A. bone

50. A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue? A. central nervous system B. olfactory receptors C. peripheral nervous system D. nodes of Ranvier

A. central nervous system A stroke is damage to the brain caused by loss of blood flow.

11. Which of the following types of epithelia would be likely to make up the tubules of the kidney? A. cuboidal B. squamous C. columnar and squamous D. columnar E. pseudostratified

A. cuboidal

16. If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland. A. exocrine B. endocrine C. lymph D. sebaceous E. adrenal

A. exocrine

81. Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. What structure acts as the mammalian temperature sensor? A. hypothalamus B. peripheral blood vessels C. adrenal medulla D. anterior pituitary gland E. thyroid

A. hypothalamus

15. The glands of vertebrates are derived from ____________ epithelium. A. invaginated B. stratified C. endocrine D. scarified E. keratinized

A. invaginated

45. What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called? A. neurons B. dendrites C. axons D. fibroblasts E. astrocytes

A. neurons

33. Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals? A. osteocytes B. erythrocytes C. leukocytes D. fibrocytes E. chrondrocytes

A. osteocytes

49. In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the ______________ nervous system. A. peripheral B. central C. neuroglial D. motor

A. peripheral

59. Effector A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information

A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus.

8. In mammals and some reptiles, the coelom is divided into smaller cavities that enclose the lungs, heart, and gut. What are these cavities called? A. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities B. thoracic, pleural, and pericardial cavities C. pleural, pericardial, and cardial cavities D. perithoracic, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

A. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

85. Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass? A. shrew B. horse C. cat D. human E. elephant

A. shrew

12. Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels? A. simple squamous epithelium B. simple cuboidal epithelium C. simple columnar epithelium D. stratified squamous epithelium E. keratinized squamous epithelium

A. simple squamous epithelium

55. Which of the following is most likely to function as a defense system? A. the integumentary system B. the musculoskeletal system C. the endocrine system D. the sensory system E. the nervous system

A. the integumentary system

70. What is the approximate Q10 value for most enzymes? A. 0.2 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 E. 20

B. 2

30. Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct? A. Bone contains an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. B. Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. C. Bone tissue is a special form of connective tissue. D. Bone tissue serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions. E. Bone marrow is a reservoir for blood stem cells

B. Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

9. Why are epithelial membranes not very thick? A. Epithelial tissues are required to support other cells growing on top of the tissue. B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur. C. Epithelial tissues can only reach a certain thickness because their growth is constrained by microtubules inside the cell membrane. D. Thick epithelial tissues would collapse due to the drying effect of the environment. E. Epithelial tissues are programmed to stop dividing after only a few cell cycles.

B. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

69. Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading? A. Warming the bread slightly before cooking it in a hot oven stretches out the gluten. B. The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly. C. The metabolic rate of yeast slows down at warmer temperatures, so more sugar is maintained and the bread is sweeter. D. Yeast cannot carry out fermentation at room temperature.

B. The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly.

66. Due to a mutation in a smooth muscle gene, the blood vessels in the skin of a certain strain of mouse become dilated when temperature falls below a certain point. Based on the likely outcome of this mutation, what precautions should the researchers take to maintain the health of their mice? A. The mouse room should be maintained at a cooler than normal temperature. B. The mouse room should be consistently maintained at a warm temperature. C. The mice will have weak muscles, and should be provided with exercise wheels. D. The mice will be susceptible to high blood pressure, and should not be provided with exercise wheels.

B. The mouse room should be consistently maintained at a warm temperature. In the mutant mice, body temperature will fall rapidly due to positive feedback from heat loss when blood vessels are dilated, so cold temperatures might lead to hypothermia and must be avoided.

7. In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through? A. The shot entered the dorsal cavity and exited through the ventral cavity. B. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity. C. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the pleural cavity. D. The shot entered the pericardial cavity and exited through the pleural cavity.

B. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the

29. Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix? A. adipose B. blood C. cartilage D. dense connective tissue E. loose connective tissue

B. blood

2. Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body? A. cells B. bones C. tissues D. organs E. organ systems

B. bones

28. What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs? A. loose connective tissue B. dense irregular connective tissue C. collagen D. dense regular connective tissue E. adipose

B. dense irregular connective tissue

13. Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells? A. decreased mucus production B. excess mucus production C. excess O2 absorption D. decreased CO2 absorption

B. excess mucus production

32. What is cartilage composed of? A. glycoproteins and calcium phosphate B. glycoproteins and collagen fibers C. collagen fibers and osteocytes D. osteocytes and glycoproteins E. osteocytes and calcium phosphate

B. glycoproteins and collagen fibers

57. Damage to the integument may trigger action by cells of which system? A. reproductive system B. immune system C. endocrine system D. muscular system

B. immune system

53. A bride-to-be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding. What organ system is being pampered? A. lymphatic system B. integumentary system C. endocrine system D. digestive system

B. integumentary system

82. If the set point of the hypothalamus were to suddenly rise to 40C (as in the induction phase of a fever), what would the initial response of the body be? A. glands release sweat B. muscles contract to cause shivering C. nothing D. body temperature drops E. blood vessels dilate

B. muscles contract to cause shivering

65. Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What is this an example of? A. adaptation B. negative feedback C. positive feedback D. acclimatization

B. negative feedback

1. To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed. A. organism, cell, tissue, organ B. organ system, tissue, organ, cell C. organ system, organ, tissue, cell D. organism, cell, organ system, tissue

B. organ system, tissue, organ, cell

79. You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into. Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it. Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by doing what? A. running the oil pipes under the river after dumping in the hot waste water B. running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil C. running the waste water and oil through a single pipe D. adding a sensor, integrating center and effectors to control temperature in both pipes

B. running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil

17. Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis? A. keratinized epithelium B. simple squamous epithelium C. stratified squamous epithelium D. layers of dead squamous cells

B. simple squamous epithelium

40. Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract? A. smooth muscles B. skeletal muscles C. cardiac muscles D. ligament tissues E. involuntary muscles

B. skeletal muscles

74. If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system? A. endodermic regulation B. temperature homeostasis C. ectothermic regulation D. glucose homeostasis

B. temperature homeostasis

61. Response A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information

B. uterine contractions increase

19. A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond? A. Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface. B. Exocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. D. Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity. E. The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.

C. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

37. The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of A. collagen fibers. B. gelatinous mass. C. actin and myosin fibers. D. keratin fibers. E. fibroblast cells.

C. actin and myosin fibers.

43. The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long! A. dendrite B. soma C. axon D. node of Ranvier

C. axon

64. Although especially useful to the giraffe, the rete mirabile is similar to a countercurrent heat exchange system in other related mammals. Thus a mechanism for _________________ homeostasis is likely to have evolved from a mechanism previously used for __________________ homeostasis. A. blood pressure; pH B. temperature; blood pressure C. blood pressure; temperature D. pH; blood pressure

C. blood pressure; temperature

42. Which muscle contraction is involuntary? A. cardiac only B. smooth only C. cardiac and smooth D. skeletal only E. cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

C. cardiac and smooth

46. Where is the nucleus of a neuron found? A. axon branches B. companion cell C. cell body D. dendrites E. myelin sheath

C. cell body

34. A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, trachea and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem? A. leukocytes B. erythrocytes C. chondrocytes D. osteocytes E. fibroblasts

C. chondrocytes

63. The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ______________________ act as mechanisms to maintain ______________________. A. nervous system; homeothermy B. nervous system; temperature homeostasis C. circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis D. circulatory system; pH homeostasis

C. circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis

62. Stimulus A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information

C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening

76. When a dog's brain detects the need to dissipate excess heat and the dog begins to pant, the brain acts as the _________________, and the panting behavior acts as the ________________. A. stimulator; effector B. integrating center; sensor C. integrating center; effector D. sensor; integrating center

C. integrating center; effector

38. What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit? A. fused cells with multiple nuclei B. covalent bonds between actin and myosin molecules C. intercalated disks rich in gap junctions D. large numbers of motor neurons

C. intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

21. The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue? A. heart muscle B. spinal cord C. ligaments D. skeletal muscle

C. ligaments

67. Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way? A. The temperature always stays the same. B. The heater never comes on. C. The heater is on at a constant rate. D. The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

D. The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

68. Mechanisms that help generate heat and those that allow release of heat are an example of ____________________. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the __________________ of body temperature. A. endothermic regulation; flexibility B. poikilothermic regulation; stability C. ectothermic regulation; flexibility D. antagonist effectors; stability

D. antagonist effectors; stability

26. Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue? A. collagen B. elastin C. reticulin D. chondroitin E. adipose cells

D. chondroitin

23. You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first? A. actin B. epidermal growth factor C. myosin II heavy chain D. collagen

D. collagen This example is similar to the disease known as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, which may be cause by mutation of one of several collagen genes, or a few related genes.

14. A recent study suggests the surprising idea that intestinal goblet cells present food antigens to dendritic cells to induce tolerance to food molecules. Thus, goblet cell dysfunction may be a cause of food allergies. If this is true, it illustrates the importance of coordination between which two organ systems? A. immune system and circulatory system B. circulatory system and endocrine system C. digestive system and endocrine system D. digestive system and immune system

D. digestive system and immune system

3. It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced. A. ectoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm B. connective tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; epithelial tissue C. epithelium; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm D. epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

D. epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

83. Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time? A. shivering B. sweating C. nonshivering thermogenesis D. hibernation E. fever

D. hibernation

75. Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant? A. hippocampus B. prefrontal cortex C. amygdala D. hypothalamus

D. hypothalamus

25. In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage? A. tip of the nose B. outer ear C. intervertebral disks of the backbone D. knee cap E. larynx

D. knee cap

6. Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"? A. tissues, organs, and organ systems B. mesoderm, muscle, and tissue C. ectoderm, endoderm, and exoskeleton D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm E. mesoderm, exoderm, and hydroderm

D. mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

52. When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together? A. skeletal, endocrine, and circulatory systems B. nervous, circulatory, and skeletal systems C. muscular, integumentary, and circulatory systems D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

D. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

71. Some animals allow their body temperature to conform to the environment. What is the old term for these animals, and what is the newer preferred term? A. heterotherms; homeotherms B. homeotherms; endotherms C. isotherms; poikilotherms D. poikilotherms; ectotherms E. endotherms; homeostats

D. poikilotherms; ectotherms

41. Which of the following types of muscles are striated? A. skeletal and smooth B. cardiac only C. triceps and biceps only D. skeletal and cardiac E. skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

D. skeletal and cardiac

39. A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they? A. cardiac muscle B. smooth muscle C. involuntary muscle D. skeletal muscle

D. skeletal muscle

22. When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen? A. heart and other muscles B. brain C. glandular organs D. skin, tendons, and cartilage

D. skin, tendons, and cartilage

24. All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units A. I and III B. II only C. II and III D. I, II, and II E. I and II

E. I and II

27. Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer? A. Tendons secure muscles to other muscles and ligaments secure bones to other bones. B. Tendons and ligaments have the same function but are found in different areas of the body. C. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure muscles to other muscles. D. Tendons are just enlarged ligaments. E. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

E. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

84. Which of these factors would have the least effect on heat transfer processes in animals? A. surface area of the body B. difference between body temperature and ambient temperature C. internal insulation such as blubber D. external insulation such as feathers or fur E. bone density

E. bone density

60. Integrating Center A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information

E. brain receives and compares stretch information

35. Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues? A. macrophages B. mast cells C. adipose cells D. collagen fibers E. chondrocytes

E. chondrocytes

72. Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature? A. countercurrent heat exchange B. basking in the sun C. shivering D. dilation or contraction of blood vessels E. increasing metabolic rate

E. increasing metabolic rate

18. Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucous and is dense with cilia? A. cuboidal B. squamous C. simple D. stratified E. pseudostratified columnar

E. pseudostratified columnar

80. Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems? A. radiation B. conduction C. convection D. evaporation E. reflection

E. reflection

54. Which of the following systems is NOT directly involved with regulation and maintenance of the body's chemistry? A. the digestive system B. the circulatory system C. the respiratory system D. the urinary system E. the reproductive system

E. the reproductive system

36. Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin. True / False

FALSE Other cell types do contain actin and myosin as well, which they use for intracellular transport, but not in the large quantities and layered organization seen in muscle cells.