Chapter. 5-8 Psych 226

According to the World Health Organization, about one fourth of children worldwide have diets deficient in __________.

Protein

Garret can climb up stairs, walk backwards, and run. He can't jump, or walk up and down stairs. How old is Garret likely to be?

14 months

Many studies across different cultures have found that children develop culturally specific rules of linguistic politeness between the ages of __________.

2 and 5 years

By the end of middle childhood, which of the following are close to adult maturity?

fine motor abilities

During toddlerhood __________.

friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages

Theo is an adolescent boy who has gotten in trouble for a number of delinquent acts such as underage drinking, vandalizing on Halloween, and trespassing. Researchers who take a biological approach might explain this behavior as being caused by an immature __________.

frontal lobe

When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female they have developed __________.

gender identity

The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as __________.

gender schemas

During middle childhood, there is an increase in __________ that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls.

myelination of the corpus callosum

What language did the babies that Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, ordered to be exposed to no language end up speaking "naturally"?

none

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast-map __________ first.

nouns

According to Vygotsky, ________ is the self-guiding and self-directing comments that children make to themselves.

private speech

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing __________.

self-recognition

The greatest number of child workers is found in __________.

sub-Saharan Africa

Accidental injury among young children is __________.

the leading cause of death for young children in developed countries

In middle childhood, __________ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.

violating trust

What is the median IQ score for the WISC-V?

100

About what percentage of 2- to 4-year-olds in the United States have their own tablets?

45%

Approximately __________ of obese children remain overweight as adults.

80%

Which of the following is an example of overextension?

A child calling all men "Dada."

Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?

A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follow his parents' rules and not use the stove.

Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true?

A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

Marcel was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder at the age of 3. Which behavior would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom?

A preoccupation with repetitive movements

Which of the following statements is true?

Adolescent girls who have an eating disorder are at higher risk for other mental health disorders.

Which of the following was not a finding that inspired John Bowlby's writings on attachment?

Ainsworth's findings about the Strange Situation

Which of the following statements regarding parental discipline is most accurate based on existing research?

All cultures require children to learn and follow cultural rules and expectations, and all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehavior.

Which of the following statements about Americans and religious belief is true?

Americans are more religious than people in virtually any other developed country.

Which component of the Media Practice Model involves adolescents incorporating media content into their identities?

Application

What is one of the strongest risk factors for all types of depression?

Being female

Which of the following statements regarding gender development in middle childhood is true?

Both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women.

Which of the following would you be most likely to see 5-year-olds doing on a playground in a Western culture?

Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest

Which of the following statements about pragmatics is true?

By age 4, children are more sensitive to the characteristics of their conversational partner and will adjust their speech accordingly.

Adolescents in which country are LEAST likely to smoke cigarettes?

Canada

Which of the following statements regarding media use in early childhood is true?

Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

Which of the following statements regarding emotions in middle childhood is true?

Children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once.

Which of the following statements about illness during middle childhood in developed countries is true?

Children are less susceptible to fatal diseases than they were earlier in their development.

Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs?

Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school.

Which of the following is a factor that makes cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures?

Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

Which of the following statements regarding emotions and middle childhood is true?

Children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions.

Which of the following statements about physical growth in middle childhood is true?

Children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity.

S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in __________.

China

Dr. Rose often uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in her research. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of her work?

Daily fluctuations in mood between children and adolescents

Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescent 5th-graders to adolescent 8th-graders and found that the percent of time experienced as "very happy" __________.

Decreased

In regards to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency?

Early-maturing girls

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the United States?

Education level of the parents

__________ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person's perspective.

Egocentrism

S. grew up in Shanghai, China; one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is most likely that all three learned __________ as their second language.

English

Students in __________ usually have three types of secondary schools.

Europe

Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates in the deli at a local grocery store. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a college degree and have a teaching career. Kerry has a positive outlook on life and has strong self-esteem; her future seems bright. There are many selves described in this scenario—which of the following best describes Kerry's trepidation about working in a dissatisfying career?

Feared Self

How does motor development change between ages 3 and 6?

Fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things, such as putting on a coat and using a knife to cut soft food.

With whom are adolescents happiest?

Friends

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.

Which of the following statements about gender intensification is true?

Gender intensification is often considerably stronger in traditional cultures than in the West.

If you are an adolescent living in __________ you are most likely to participate in an apprenticeship program.

Germany

Which of the following statements about physical development in middle childhood is true?

Girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time.

Based on research, which of the following would you expect of a 4-year-old American boy in regards to aggression and play?

He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age.

Last week, your neighbors told you that their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night's sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?

His molars are coming in, and he is teething.

You recently watched your nephew, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why his bike's gears won't work. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that he used. You remember just a few months ago he would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing, but would have most likely tried random solutions haphazardly. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is he using?

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?

In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care.

Which of the following statements regarding cultural differences in learning is true?

In many cultures, children aged 5-6 are first given important responsibilities in the family for food preparation, child care, and animal care.

Which of the following statements about the typical cultural patterns of mothers and fathers and their infants is true?

In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers.

__________ aggression is when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it.

Instrumental

Which of the following statements regarding young children's use of grammar is true?

It develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions.

Which of the following statements regarding ADHD research is true?

It has shown higher rates for boys than girls across different countries.

Which of the following statements about estradiol is true?

It increases far more in females than in males during puberty.

Which of the following statements regarding watching TV during young childhood is true?

It is a popular leisure activity all over the world.

Which of the following is true about long-term memory?

It is essentially unlimited.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of shame as a punishment is true?

It is referred to as psychological control among American researchers.

Which of the following statements about gender identity is true?

It refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as female or male.

What is a key reason that children in Asian schools wear uniforms?

It signifies diminished individuality and emphasizes conformity to the group.

In math and science, students from __________ consistently score at the top.

Japan and South Korea

Which of the following statements regarding siblings is true?

Jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures.

__________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy.

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following persons are likely to have the highest concordance rate for obesity?

MZ twins reared together

Which of the following statements best describes the history of education in the United States?

Prior to 1800, about half of children did not attend school.

Which of the following statements regarding pubertal timing is true?

Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care.

When first learning to read, students in Midland School were taught using the phonics approach and students in Westwood School were taught using the whole-language approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely based on existing research?

Midland students will learn to read faster than Westwood students.

Which of the following statements regarding moral development in early childhood is true?

Moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children.

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is true?

Most cases of eating disorders have their onset among females in their teens and early twenties.

Which of the following statements regarding physical development in early childhood is true?

Most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions.

Imagine that you have just walked into a kindergarten classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see?

Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or animal.

Based on the most recent statistics, which of the following American ethnic groups has the highest rates of use of substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana?

Native Americans

Which of the following statements about obesity in middle childhood is true?

Obesity heightens the risk for diabetes.

Which of the following statements describing moral development in early childhood is true?

Perspective-taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathic at this age.

Research has shown that during adolescence, __________ is most strongly related to global self-esteem.

Physical appearance

Josh is a toddler who lives in Canada. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?

Playing with him

Which of the following statements about preschool and the Japanese is true?

Preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group.

Which of the following statements about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is true?

Rates of ASD have increased in recent decades in developed countries.

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

Rates of depressed mood rise notably from middle childhood to adolescence.

Which of the following statements about religious beliefs in adolescence is true?

Religion has a lower priority for most American teens than many other parts of their lives.

Which of the following statements about work during adolescence is true?

Reports of psychological symptoms jump sharply for adolescents working more than 10 hours a week.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the understanding of the meaning of numbers?

Research has found that some nonhuman animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy.

Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is true?

Researchers have used violation-of-expectation tasks to explore theory of the mind.

__________ is a person's overall sense of worth and well-being.

Self-esteem

Which classification best fits the United States in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex?

Semirestrictive

Studies have found which of the following features to be more important for friendships in adolescence than in middle childhood?

Sharing personal thoughts and feelings

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely true?

She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. Which of the following is likely to result?

She will have difficulty producing speech.

Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood?

Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?

Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.

Which of the following statements regarding emotional regulation is true?

Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between age and crime?

Ten percent of young men commit over two-thirds of all offenses.

Which of the following statements about families is true?

The United States is one of the countries where the increase in children born to single mothers is the greatest.

Which of the following is an accurate representation of how children's vocabulary changes over time?

The biggest increase in vocabulary occurs once children enter school through around age 11.

Which of the following best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?

The incidence of myopia increases.

Although his brother dropped out of college after becoming dependent on marijuana, Jonah thinks that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates __________.

The personal fable

Which of the following statements about handedness is true?

The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1%.

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered to have an insecure-resistant attachment based on the Strange Situation test?

The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and is ambivalent upon the mother's return.

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?

The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior.

Research on formal operational thinking has shown which of the following statements to be true?

The way that formal operational thinking is manifested is likely to be different across different cultures.

Research on parenting has found which of the following statements to be true?

There are bidirectional effects between parents and their children.

Which of the following statements about puberty rituals is true?

They are more common for girls than boys in traditional cultures.

Which of the following statements about the effects on boys of watching high amounts of violent TV at age 8 is true?

They are more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than their counterparts who watch either little or no violence.

Which of the following statements regarding left-handed children is true?

They will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States.

Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is true?

Toddlers show evidence of having theory of mind.

In traditional cultures such as Uganda, _________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment.

Weaning

The __________ is the portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language comprehension.

Wernicke's area

Based on existing research, which of the following statements regarding discipline is true?

Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior.

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest quality experience. Which of the following should you look for in the preschool that you choose?

Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other

For 6-year-old Emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate?

Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name, and writing numbers from 1 to 10

_______________

_______________

____________________

____________________

_____________________

_____________________

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of __________.

animism

Joaquin was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter and said, "juice." This is an example of __________.

a holophrase

In Western cultures __________.

a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay "dry" for an hour or two during the day

Nine-year-old Xinyin is a boy from a rural village in China. He would be more likely than a similarly aged boy in the United States to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, "I am __________" with which of the following?

a son

Secure attachment is characterized by __________.

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

During high school, Joe was a popular kid who got into trouble when hanging around a group of older friends. Once he even climbed through the window of a convenience store to steal beer when they'd run out at a party. In his late twenties, Joe got a steady job, got married, and had children. According to Moffitt, Joe would be considered a(n)__________.

adolescent-limited delinquent

Rates of childhood obesity __________.

are higher in the United States than in most other countries

The parenting style of parents who listen receptively to opinions from their children is considered to be __________.

authoritative

Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma in middle childhood?

being male

Compared to 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds are likely to __________.

better understand jokes that violate the social conventions of language

Research on adolescents' electronic game playing in the United States has found that __________.

boys report that playing the games relieves negative emotions

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

breasts

Vanessa is terrified of becoming fat. Her weight is normal, and most of the time she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she loses control and "binges" on large amounts of food. In an effort to avoid becoming fat, Vanessa makes herself throw up after these binges. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of __________.

bulimia

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in the United States. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be __________.

calcium deficiency

When capable of concrete operational thought, children __________________________.

can organize and manipulate information mentally

Eighteen-month-old Omar likes to separate his building blocks from his action figures when he dumps his toys out on his floor. This is an example of __________.

categorization

When it comes to attachment, __________.

children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life

In terms of gender development, during middle childhood __________.

children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other

In early childhood (from ages 3 to 6) __________.

children learn to make more hops in a row and to hop on one foot

Research on reading and math skills has shown that __________.

children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early math skills as well

Sanjay is part of a small group of friends, also known as a __________, who eat lunch together at school every day and socialize with each other on the weekends.

clique

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes?

conservation

__________ is when parents provide broad guidelines for behavior but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, self-directed behavior.

coregulation

The __________ allows for coordination of activity between the two hemispheres.

corpus callosum

Kohlberg's proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual's __________.

cultural worldview

In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength, and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because __________.

daily life often requires these capacities

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with __________.

dating partners

Two-year-old Becca has just returned home after visiting her aunt who just had a baby. Becca was playing with her toys and then picked up her baby doll and began to "feed" her with a bottle, just like she saw her aunt do. This is an example of __________.

deferred imitation

According to Vygotsky, cultural learning skills, such as learning to set the table in a developed country or to help prepare food in a traditional culture, __________.

develop as part of a social and cultural process

Research has shown that __________.

direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures

__________ parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness.

disengaged

In elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a/an __________ attachment classification.

disorganized-disoriented

Adolescents in developed countries who work part-time __________.

do not typically see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career

Among American adolescents, self-esteem is lowest in __________.

early adolescence

__________ is the ability to exercise control over one's emotions.

emotional. self-regulation

Dr. Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) method for her research. She is mostly likely measuring __________.

emotions

A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to __________.

examine changes in emotions in different social settings

__________ refers to the ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted.

executive functions

A device that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain is the __________.

fMRI

A consistent pattern in early intervention programs such as Head Start is that the early gains in IQ and achievement __________.

fade within 2 or 3 years of entering elementary school

The __________ is the hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence.

gender-intensification

In Berko's classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of one figure called a "wug" and then showed them two of these figures. She asked them to respond to the following question: "Now there are two __________." Berko was measuring children's understanding of what?

grammar

__________ is a language's distinctive system of rules.

grammar

Among the Fulani people of West Africa, toddlers are sent to their __________ household during weaning.

grandmother's

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?

guilt

When Lillard compared one group of children that had attended a Montessori preschool to another group that attended other types of preschools, the non-Montessori group __________.

had originally applied to Montessori schools but were not able to enter due to space limitations

Watching violent television in middle childhood __________.

has been associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

Around the world, child labor __________.

has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation

Compared to monolingual children, those who are multilingual __________.

have better metalinguistic skills

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely __________.

have experienced some customary practice for being weaned

Compared to their peers in the United States, adolescents in Japan and South Korea __________.

have to take entrance exams for both high school and college

Studies have shown that better deferred imitation among toddlers than among infants may be due principally to advances in the maturity of the brain. Specifically, the __________ is still in a highly immature state of development during infancy but matures substantially during toddlerhood.

hippocampus

The limited memory for personal events and experiences prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the __________.

hippocampus

In addition to problems of inattention, hyperactivity and __________ are noted in individuals diagnosed with ADHD.

impulsiveness

In Western countries, conflict with parents __________.

increases from middle childhood to early adolescence

Anemia is caused by __________.

iron deficiency

Chris realized that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris __________.

is a 7-year-old boy

In the United States, conflict in adolescence __________.

is more frequent between early-maturing adolescents and their parents compared to "on-time" adolescents and their parents

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breast feeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead's classification, Lucien would be considered a __________.

knee child

Margaret Mead designated children aged 0-2 with the term __________.

lap child

A key reason why emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children __________.

learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control

Rather than turning to other coping strategies, such as talking about his problems or even taking a walk to burn off steam, John smokes pot to reduce stress, anxiety, or sadness. This pattern of substance use is referred to as __________.

medicinal substance use

Shareef's actions are voluntary and purposeful. He is able to think about possible actions and then select the one that most likely will help him achieve a desired outcome. According to Piaget, he is demonstrating __________.

mental representation

Even at age 5, about __________ of children occasionally fail to control urination and defecation, usually at night.

one fourth

Which of the following cultural views of adolescent sexuality best applies to northern Europe?

permissive

__________ includes hitting, kicking, biting, burning, or shaking the child.

physical abuse

Compared to Japanese schools, schools in the United States __________.

place a greater emphasis on creativity

One study in Mongolia compared people in rural and urban areas and found substantially higher rates of asthma in urban areas, due to __________.

poorer air quality

After his brother accidentally put the peanut butter in the refrigerator, Carl heard his father say, "Well, that was smart." Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment and it did not mean that his brother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased understanding of __________.

pragmatics

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbor's new baby; this demonstrates __________.

pragmatics

Which emotion doesn't appear until toddlerhood?

pride

Executive function refers to __________.

problem solving

Compared to 6-year-old children, 10-year-old children are more likely to describe themselves in terms of __________ characteristics.

psychological

The most effective treatment for major depressive disorder in adolescence combines __________.

psychotherapy and antidepressant medications

Some countries and local areas add fluoride to the water system, which impacts children by __________.

reducing rates of tooth decay

Gender identity __________.

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. He is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Sam is a(n) ________ child.

rejected

Adolescents who are more religious __________.

report less depression

By age 5, most children can easily sit for 10-15 minutes while a story is read aloud, whereas most 3-year-olds would be unable to sit still and pay attention for so long. This is due to the 5-year-olds' _______________ being more fully developed than that in 3-year-olds.

reticular formation

One highly important finding that attests to the importance of environmental influences on intelligence is that the median IQ score in Western countries __________ in the course of the 20th century.

rose dramatically

After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother's guidance, Alexis began to knit a sweater while on break from college. She went over to her grandmother's once when she had a question. She finished the sweater a few weeks later while she was back at college, needing only one Skype session to help her. This illustrates __________.

scaffolding

When learning to weave, boys in the Dioula culture start by watching their fathers weave, and then learn to weave themselves in early adolescence. A boy starts off working on his own to complete a simple pattern and gets help when he makes mistakes. He moves on to more complex patterns and continues to consult with his father for several years until he can weave completely on his own. This is an example of __________.

scaffolding

Toddlers by 12 months generally can __________.

scribble vigorously

The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other persons and objects is __________.

self-reflection

The process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior is referred to as __________.

self-socilaiziation

__________ is the ability to arrange things in a logical order.

seriation

Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development __________.

showed that the stages tended to increase with age, but that few proceeded to Level 3

What kind of play involves talking to each other, smiling, and giving and receiving toys?

simple social play

A toddler generally __________.

sleeps less than an infant and has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule

According to Vygotsky, __________ is required for cognitive development.

social interaction

The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol only when hanging out with friends would be classified as __________.

social substance use

Children who are multilingual __________.

take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming fluent in the first language

Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he's more adept at __________.

tasks that require divided attention

The most important androgen is __________.

testosterone

Both Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence propose __________.

that there are multiple components of intelligence

Children who live in __________ have both the shortest school day and school year.

the United States

Research has shown that __________.

the effects of television and other media depend on the content

Much to Jace's dismay, he wore mismatched socks to school. He can't help but think that everyone will notice and feels very self-conscious. His way of thinking demonstrates __________.

the imaginary audience

When it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is __________.

the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand over the other as early as __________.

the prenatal period

Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development has shown that __________.

the stage of moral reasoning achieved tends to increase with age

What most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is __________.

the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that __________.

toddlers' attachments to their siblings in traditional cultures tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

Tomas thinks that the word bear refers solely to his stuffed animal. This is an example of __________.

under extension

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on __________.

unstructured, hands-on experiences

Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence __________.

utilizes the hypothetical thinking involved in a scientific experiment

Compared to children with low socioeconomic status who did not attend Head Start, those children who did attend __________.

were less likely to be placed in special education classes

Compared to low-income children who did not participate in the High Scope Preschool Project, children who did participate __________.

were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is __________.

within the zone of proximal development

Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty at a __________ others in her family's history.

younger age. than