Chapter 5
Compared to clinical psychologists who work and live in large communities, clinical psychologists who work and live in small communities are likely to find the ethical issue of _____ especially challenging. A) multiple relationships B) maintaining confidentiality C) informed consent D) test security
a
According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, which of the following statements is true regarding multiple relationships? A) All multiple relationships are unethical. B) Multiple relationships are unethical only when the client is harmed by them. C) Multiple relationships are unethical only when they can be reasonably expected to cause impairment in the psychologist or risk exploitation or harm of the client. D) Multiple relationships are unethical only when they are sexual in nature.
C
Based on the APA code of ethics, informed consent for psychotherapy should occur A. once, at the onset of treatment. B. twice, before the diagnostic interview and once a treatment plan is created. C. as needed throughout the therapy process. D. only if requested by the client.
C
A psychologist may be bound by a duty to warn when A) a patient seriously threatens the life of another identified person. B) a patient seriously threatens his or her own life. C) a patient reveals that she is HIV positive and is having unprotected sex without informing her sexual partners of her HIV status. D) all of the above
D
The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was _____. A) Brown v. The Board of Education B) Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C) Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D) Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California
d
The most recent edition of the APA ethics code was published in _____. A) 1962 B) 1976 C) 1990 D) 2002
d
Which of the following are among the Ethical Principles listed in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B) Integrity C) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D) all of the above
d
Which of the following is true regarding confidentiality and child abuse? A) An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse. B) Less than half of the states in the U.S. have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse. C) all of the above D) none of the above
d
The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: _____ and _____. A) General Principles; Ethical Standards B) Research Standards; Practice Standards C) Assessment Code; Treatment Code D) none of the above
A
A clinical psychologist who is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks he undertakes is fulfilling the ethical standard of _____. A. resolving ethical issues B. competence C. multiple relationships D. justice
A
For contemporary psychotherapists, the most relevant implication of the finding in the Tarasoff case is the A) duty to warn. B) obligation to protect client confidentiality without exception. C) importance of continuing education for licensed psychologists. D) importance of maintaining test security by not allowing tests to be taken outside of the professional office setting.
A
The APA ethical principle of "Beneficence and Nonmaleficence" essentially requires the psychologist to A) do good and do no harm. B) avoid multiple relationships. C) obtain informed consent. D) none of the above
A
The _____ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists. A) Ethical Standards B) General Principles C) Research Standards D) Assessment Code
A
Two amendments were added to the APA code of ethics in 2010. These amendments emphasize that A. psychologists cannot use ethical standards from the code to justify or defend the violation of human rights. B. psychologists must provide both digital and paper copies of informed consent documents to cybertherapy patients. C. the APA code of ethics is to be followed even when it conflicts with local, state, or federal law. D. clinical psychologists must obtain a post-doctoral degree in psychopharmacology in order to receive prescription privileges.
A
Which of the following Ethical Principles best captures the idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work, while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. Fair Billing and Reporting
A
Which of the following is true regarding ethical decision making by clinical psychologists? A) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, as long as client confidentiality is protected. B) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, and because the information is being shared with other qualified professionals, the client's confidentiality need not be protected. C) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is generally discouraged. D) none of the above
A
Tatiana Tarasoff A) is the chair of the committee that created the most recent edition of the APA code of ethics. B) is the author of the tripartite model of personal identity. C) is a leading researcher in the field of informed consent for psychotherapy. D) none of the above
D
Tatiana Tarasoff A. is the chair of the committee that created the most recent edition of the APA code of ethics. B. was the author of the tripartite model of personal identity. C. is a leading researcher in the field of informed consent for psychotherapy. D. was a college student whose murder resulted in the creation of the duty to warn.
D
The _____ section of the current ethical code includes aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists, as opposed to enforceable rules of conduct. A) Ethical Standards B) Treatment Standards C) Research Standards D) General Principles
D
The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was _____. A) Brown v. The Board of Education B) Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C) Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D) Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California
D
Which of the following is true regarding confidentiality and child abuse? A) An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse. B) Less than half of the states in the U.S. have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse. C) all of the above D) none of the above
D
Cultural incompetence A) is not viewed as negatively by nonprofessionals as ethical violations such as multiple relationships. B) is permissible in research settings, but not in therapy settings. C) may lead to detrimental consequences for clients. D) is not addressed by the APA Code of Ethics.
C
The most recent edition of the APA ethics code was published in _____. A) 1962 B) 1976 C) 1990 D) 2002
D
Which of the following are among the Ethical Principles listed in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B) Integrity C) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is NOT among the Ethical Principles listed in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. Fair Billing and Reporting
D
According to the standards related to informed consent in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, when should psychologists inform clients about psychotherapy? A) "as early as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship" B) "no later than the third meeting between psychologist and client" C) "prior to the first meeting between psychologist and client" D) "only at the request of the client"
a
Burnout A) can significantly impair the competence of a clinical psychologist. B) occurs at high levels in less than 1% of psychologists, according to survey data. C) is less likely to occur when a clinical psychologist is overcommitted to clients or earns a low salary. D) all of the above
a
The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: _____ and _____. A) General Principles; Ethical Standards B) Research Standards; Practice Standards C) Assessment Code; Treatment Code D) none of the above
a
Which of the following is true regarding ethical decision making by clinical psychologists? A) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, as long as client confidentiality is protected. B) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, and because the information is being shared with other qualified professionals, the client's confidentiality need not be protected. C) Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is generally discouraged. D) none of the above
a
according to the APA ethics code, which of the following relationships can be permitted under some circumstances?
a sexual or romantic relationship with a former client
According to recommended models of ethical decision making (e.g., Fisher, 2012), it is important A) to make ethical decisions as quickly as possible. B) to consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand. C) not to seek the opinions of colleagues. D) none of the above
b
Boundary crossings A) are more severe than boundary violations. B) often seem minor and harmless, but set a precedent for more serious boundary violations. C) are never unethical if initiated by the client. D) all of the above
b
Nonsexual multiple relationships between clinical psychologist and client A) are always unethical. B) are never unethical if initiated by the client. C) are unethical if they can be expected to impair the psychologist's competence or risk exploiting the client. D) are unethical only if the client actually experiences harm or exploitation ("no harm, no foul").
c
Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, _______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published A) 0 B) 2 C) 9 D) 20
c
which of the following is not true regarding prescriptive authority?
the American Psychological Association opposes prescriptive authority because it would reduce the focus on psychotherapy, which is a specialty of clinical psychology
which of the following best describes the role of informed consent when a court orders treatment for a client?
the treatment can be performed without the clients consent, but the client should be informed as much as possible about the nature of the treatment
which of the following is a reason for clinical psychologists to have prescriptive privileges?
there is a shortage of psychiatrists
As was illustrated in the documentary Escape Fire that we watched in class, prescribing a medication or a procedure could allow providers to receive thousands of dollars of reimbursement from the insurance company whereas sitting and learning about clients' problems could bring less than $20.
true
insurance companies typically have a limited number of psychotherapy sessions they will pay for. it doesn't matter if the client needs to have more sessions
true
multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical
true
According to recommended models of ethical decision making (e.g., Fisher, 2012), it is important A) to make ethical decisions as quickly as possible. B) to consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand. C) not to seek the opinions of colleagues. D) none of the above
B
The APA ethical principle of "Beneficence and Nonmaleficence" essentially requires the psychologist to A) do good and do no harm. B) avoid multiple relationships. C) obtain informed consent. D) none of the above
a
reasons to have prescriptive privileges
-clinical psychologists have equivalent training as primary care physicians -it would bring more revenue for the profession -psychologist would have greater professional autonomy
other phrases for "managed care"
-third party payer -health insurance
According to the standards related to informed consent in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, when should psychologists inform clients about psychotherapy? A) "as early as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship" B) "no later than the third meeting between psychologist and client" C) "prior to the first meeting between psychologist and client" D) "only at the request of the client"
A
Compared to clinical psychologists who work and live in large communities, clinical psychologists who work and live in small communities are likely to find the ethical issue of _____ especially challenging. A) multiple relationships B) maintaining confidentiality C) informed consent D) test security
A
As discussed in escape fire, __ % of patients account for __ % of costs. Many of these patients likely to have comorbid mental illness
20% of patients account for 80% of the costs
Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, _______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published A) 0 B) 2 C) 9 D) 20
C
According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, it is necessary to obtain informed consent before proceeding with _____. A) research B) psychotherapy C) assessment D) all of the above
D
3 things about prescriptive authority
-prescriptive authority is a movement that argues for clinical psychologists to have the right to prescribe psychotropic medications -the prescriptive authority movement is very controversial within clinical psychology -prescriptive authority for clinical psychologists has already been enacted in the U.S. Department of Defense
diagnoses for mental illness and the conceptualization of what constitutes mental illness are
expanding
typically, insurance companies will pay for the treatment of any issue that a client brings to therapy even if those issues do not qualify for a diagnosis
false must qualify for diagnosis
which is the best description of why it is important for psychologists to operate within the boundaries of their competence?
if psychologists operate outside the boundaries of their competence they could cause harm or provide substandard services
Which of the following is not one of the APA's ethical principles? A) Integrity B) Justice C) Community D) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
c
a multiple relationship involves a psychologist being in a professional relationship with a person and________
in another professional relationship or in a personal relationship with that person
medication check appointments are reimbursed at a rate approximately 4 times greater than psychotherapy appointments. what would this financial incentive potentially do to the field of psychotherapy?
it could lead to a tendency to de-emphasize psychological treatments
what was the effect of the Tarasoff case on ethical practice in psychology ?
it reaffirmed the duty to break confidentiality in order to warn an individual who is in imminent danger from a client
as a clinical psychologist in a small town, which of the following ethical concerns is one that is inevitable?
multiple relationships
which provider type is prescribing the most psychotropic medication?
primary care providers
which of the following would most likely constitute an (unjustified) violation of confidentiality?
providing the police the name and address of a client who admitted to committing a murder 10 years ago that has gone unsolved
which of the following is a reason for clinical psychologists NOT to have prescriptive privileges?
psychologists would be targeted by the pharmaceutical industry
Prescriptive Authority
psychologists would have the ability to write prescriptions for clients
when are multiple relationships prohibited?
when they impair the psychologists objectivity and/or risk harm or exploitation of the other person
What are the 5 general principles of the American Psychological Association (APA's) Ethics Code?
1. Beneficence & nonmaleficence 2. Fidelity & responsibility 3. Integrity 4. Justice 5. Respect for people's rights and dignity
According to recommended models of ethical decision making (e.g., Fisher, 2017), it is important to A. make ethical decisions as quickly as possible. B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand. C. avoid consulting with colleagues. D. refrain from altering or revising an ethical plan once one is established
B
According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients A) unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist. B) under any circumstances. C) unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available. D) unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist.
B
Boundary crossings A) are more severe than boundary violations. B) often seem minor and harmless, but set a precedent for more serious boundary violations. C) are never unethical if initiated by the client. D) all of the above
B
Dr. Martin, a clinical neuropsychologist, works diligently to be accurate, honest, and truthful as he provides services to his patients. Which Ethical Principle is Dr. Martin upholding? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. Fair Billing and Reporting
B
The APA ethics code was most recently modified in 2012 to include A) directives on selecting appropriate treatments for victims of cyber-bullying. B) a stance against the use of ethical standards to justify or defend the violation of human rights. C) standards of informed consent when prescribing virtual reality therapy for patients. D) updated insurance billing codes.
B
The first APA code of ethics was published in _____. A) 1896 B) 1953 C) 1990 D) 2002
B
Dr. Goldfarb is contacted by Shannon, an adult seeking personality testing for herself. Dr. Goldfarb has extensive experience with child personality assessment, but it has been some years since he administered an adult personality instrument. Which of the following responses could Dr. Goldfarb give to Shannon and remain in compliance with the APA code of ethics? A. "I'm quite experienced with personality assessment, so I'd be happy to schedule an appointment with you, Shannon." B. "I usually conduct personality assessments with children, but I have a colleague who will loan me his adult assessment materials, so we can schedule an appointment." C. "I generally only perform personality assessments with children. I can refer you to a colleague who has a good deal of experience with adult personality assessment." D. "It has been several years since I've conducted an assessment of adult personality. As such, I'm happy to offer a discounted price to conduct your assessment."
C
Dr. Roland feels pressure to select a time-limited treatment to address Celia's social anxiety disorder because Celia is using her Topcare Insurance benefits to pay for treatment. This scenario best illustrates which contemporary ethical issue for clinical psychologists? A. Technology and ethics B. Ethics in small communities C. Managed care and ethics D. Ethics and geographic location
C
Informed consent regarding _____ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding _____ is best understood as an ongoing process. A) assessment; research B) behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C) research; psychotherapy D) psychotherapy; research and assessment
C
Many state licensing boards have _____ regulations, which are consistent with the APA code of ethic's mandate that psychologists develop and maintain their competence. A. cultural competence B. seminar attendance C. continuing education D. burnout
C
Nonsexual multiple relationships between clinical psychologist and client A) are always unethical. B) are never unethical if initiated by the client. C) are unethical if they can be expected to impair the psychologist's competence or risk exploiting the client. D) are unethical only if the client actually experiences harm or exploitation ("no harm, no foul").
C
The first step in Fisher's (2012) eight-step model for ethical decision making is A) consult an attorney. B) generate and evaluate alternatives. C) make a commitment to do with is ethically appropriate. D) none of the above
C
The first step in Fisher's (2017) model for ethical decision making is to A. consult an attorney. B. generate and evaluate alternatives. C. make a commitment to do with is ethically appropriate. D. evaluate the effectiveness of courses of action.
C
Which of the following is not one of the APA's ethical principles? A) Integrity B) Justice C) Community D) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
C
According to the APA ethical code, which of these scenarios exemplifies a multiple relationship? A) A psychologist sees an adult client in psychotherapy and also engages in sexual intimacies with that client. B) A psychologist conducts an assessment with a client and also engages in a nonsexual friendship with that client. C) A psychologist sees a child client in psychotherapy and also enters into a business partnership with that client's parent. D) all of the above
D
According to the APA ethical code, which of these scenarios is unlikely to be considered a multiple relationship? A. A psychologist sees an adult client in psychotherapy and also engages in sexual intimacies with that client. B. A psychologist conducts an assessment with a client and also engages in a nonsexual friendship with that client. C. A psychologist sees a child client in psychotherapy and also enters into a business partnership with that client's parent. D. A psychologist realizes that his secretary's second cousin works at the bakery he often frequents.
D
According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, it is necessary to obtain _____ before proceeding with research, psychotherapy, or assessment. A. consent B. assent C. informed assent D. informed consent
D
For contemporary psychotherapists, the most relevant implication of the finding in the Tarasoff case is the A) duty to warn. B) obligation to protect client confidentiality without exception. C) importance of continuing education for licensed psychologists. D) importance of maintaining test security by not allowing tests to be taken outside of the professional office setting.
a
The _____ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists. A) Ethical Standards B) General Principles C) Research Standards D) Assessment Code
a
Burnout A) can significantly impair the competence of a clinical psychologist. B) occurs at high levels in less than 1% of psychologists, according to survey data. C) is less likely to occur when a clinical psychologist is overcommitted to clients or earns a low salary. D) all of the above
A
For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality A. is absolute. B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment. C. does not apply to legal minors. D. can ethically be broken in specific situations.
D
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse. B. Less than half of the states in the United States have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse. C. A psychologist must abide by a child client's request to withhold information about treatment from parents. D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions.
D
According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients A) unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist. B) under any circumstances. C) unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available. D) unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist.
b
The APA ethics code was most recently modified in 2012 to include A) directives on selecting appropriate treatments for victims of cyber-bullying. B) a stance against the use of ethical standards to justify or defend the violation of human rights. C) standards of informed consent when prescribing virtual reality therapy for patients. D) updated insurance billing codes.
b
which of the following is an effect of managed healthcare on clinical psychology?
because insurance companies only want to reimburse for treatments that work, there is an increased emphasis on providing evidence - based therapies
According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, which of the following statements is true regarding multiple relationships? A) All multiple relationships are unethical. B) Multiple relationships are unethical only when the client is harmed by them. C) Multiple relationships are unethical only when they can be reasonably expected to cause impairment in the psychologist or risk exploitation or harm of the client. D) Multiple relationships are unethical only when they are sexual in nature.
c
Cultural incompetence A) is not viewed as negatively by nonprofessionals as ethical violations such as multiple relationships. B) is permissible in research settings, but not in therapy settings. C) may lead to detrimental consequences for clients. D) is not addressed by the APA Code of Ethics.
c
Informed consent regarding _____ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding _____ is best understood as an ongoing process. A) assessment; research B) behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C) research; psychotherapy D) psychotherapy; research and assessment
c
The first step in Fisher's (2012) eight-step model for ethical decision making is A) consult an attorney. B) generate and evaluate alternatives. C) make a commitment to do with is ethically appropriate. D) none of the above
c
who benefits from ethical standards?
clients, individual psychologists, and psychology as a profession all benefit
A psychologist may be bound by a duty to warn when A) a patient seriously threatens the life of another identified person. B) a patient seriously threatens his or her own life. C) a patient reveals that she is HIV positive and is having unprotected sex without informing her sexual partners of her HIV status. D) all of the above
d
According to the APA ethical code, which of these scenarios exemplifies a multiple relationship? A) A psychologist sees an adult client in psychotherapy and also engages in sexual intimacies with that client. B) A psychologist conducts an assessment with a client and also engages in a nonsexual friendship with that client. C) A psychologist sees a child client in psychotherapy and also enters into a business partnership with that client's parent. D) all of the above
d
According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, it is necessary to obtain informed consent before proceeding with _____. A) research B) psychotherapy C) assessment D) all of the above
d
Tatiana Tarasoff A) is the chair of the committee that created the most recent edition of the APA code of ethics. B) is the author of the tripartite model of personal identity. C) is a leading researcher in the field of informed consent for psychotherapy. D) none of the above
d
The _____ section of the current ethical code includes aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists, as opposed to enforceable rules of conduct. A) Ethical Standards B) Treatment Standards C) Research Standards D) General Principles
d
which of the following would most likely constitute an unjustified violation of confidentiality?
when the legal guardians of a 19 year old college student call the clinic and ask for the clients records, you refuse to release the records but describe the clients problems and the general course of treatment