Chapter 5

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender, sex, or gender-based

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

whites-only primaries literacy tests poll taxes

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Pueblo Navajo

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line. Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses to

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs.

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

fewer than 1 million.