Chapter 5
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution"
King George III
(1) King of England from 1760 to 1820, he man exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors; colonists felt loyal to him even in the 1770s but grew torn in their loyalty as Parliament carried out more acts & taxes in his name; (2) when he rejected the Olive Branch Petition, many colonists came to see him as a tyrant
Philosophes
1700s. Group of enlightenment thinkers in France applied the methods of science to understand and improve society, believing that the use of reason could lead to reforms of gov't, law, and society. Some of the main were Hobbes, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Rousseau, and Smith.
George Washington
1732-1799 led America's Continental Army to victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War and was the first President of the U.S, from 1789-1797. Because of his central role in the founding of the United States, he is often call the "Father of his Country."
Thirteen colonies
1750. Colonies stretched along Eastern Coast of North America. Part of Britain's growing Empire. VA, MASSACHUSETTS, NH, MARYLAND, CT, RI, DE, NC, SC, NJ, NY, PENNSYLVANIA, GEORGIA.
Stamp Act
1765, A tax that the British Parliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826); head of the Democratic Republicans; believed in strong state government/power; believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
George Frideric Handel
A German-English composer of the late Baroque period whose Messiah remains one of the best-known pieces of music in the world. Handel was an active court composer, receiving commissions from such notables as King George I of England, for whom his Water Music suite was written and performed.
Candide
A novel by Voltaire that uses fiction as a method of critiquing society.
Water Music
A set of pieces for orchestra by George Frederick Handel. Parts of it appear to have been written for a festival that took place on boats on the Thames River in England.
Glorious Revolution
A shift of political power in England
Benjamin Franklin
American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
Checks and Balances
An act of which each of the branches of govt. keeps one of the other in check and helps stay balanced.
Free Market
An economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.
James II
An unpopular absolute monarchy, left his throne and fled England in 1688, Locke said he deserved to be dethroned for violating the rights of the English.
Mary Wollstonecraft
British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."
Robinson Crusoe
By the end of the 19th century, this book had had more editions, spin-offs and translations than any previous book in the history of Western literature. It was more well-known to non-English people in the 19th century than any work of Shakespeare's.
Legislative Branch
Congress. Senate. Allowed to declare war. Make laws. Can override or veto the president's vote or law. May impeach judges.
Adam Smith
Economist, Philosopher/ Physiocrat (economic rights), believed in "natural laws" for economics. Stood for LAISSEZ FARIE- LET THE PEOPLE MAKE THE ECONOMY, HANDS OFF OF ECONOMY, GOV'T. ! Argues for a Free market, which regulates business activity by supply (how much you have) and demand (how much people want). Wrote: The Wealth of Nations, in which he argues about his belief of the free market system.
Classical
Elegant styles of musics played such as ballets. Can be performed at royal court.
Catherine the Great
Empress of Prussia, reads the works of the philosophes and exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot. Believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty. Abolished torture and established religious tolerance in her lands. Made limited reforms in law and gov't. granted nobles a charter of rights and criticized the institution of serfdom. However, the end result of her rule was an expand of empire to Russia, b/c like Frederick, she didn't want to give up power.
Treaty of Paris
Ended the American Revolution war in Yorktown, Virginia.
Samuel Richardson
England, novel "Pamela" in which poor proud people struggle with life.
Social Contract
Hobbes believed that people created this contract, which is an agreement by which the people gave up their freedom for an organized society, to escape the "difficulties" and "brutalities" of life. Agreement by people give up their freedom for an organized society
Judiciary Branch
The court. Decides on the case- who is the victim, etc...
Thomas Hobbes
Thinks people are born naturally cruel, greedy because people are born bad, life in state of nature would be brutish and short. Believed Absolute Monarchy would be the best form of Gov't. Writer of Leviathan, in which he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish, and if they were not controlled by a strict gov't they would fight, rob, and oppress one another. With a strict form of gov't, people would remain an organized society. English thinker, his works were Levitation, argued that people were naturally cruel and selfish, believed that a powerful government could have a better society
The Messiah
This combines instruments and voices and is often performed at Christmas and Easter
Scientific successes
This convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason
Rococo
Used DELICATE COLORS, CURVING FORMS, no sot much detail or straight lines, ROMANTIC, LOVE THEMES. SECULAR SUBJECTS-often showed them doing immoral things. LANDSCAPES WERE OFTEN OUTDOORS, UNSURE (Strolls at parks).
Martin Luther
changed the course of human history when he nailed his 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenberg, accusing the Roman Catholic church of heresy upon heresy. To which Pope Leo gave a befitting reply of this is going against god...
Brutish
cruel; gross
Pamela
novel written by Samuel Richardson which was considered the first English novel
Persian letters
written by Montesquieu; described a Persian in France writing to another back in the middle east and compared Louis XIV to the Persian ruler; criticized French government
John Locke
Believed that people are good at birth, and deserve natural from since we were born. All have rights to liberty, property, and life. If the Government cuts off any of our natural rights then we have the right to revolution. Wrote: The Two Treatise [essay] on Civil Government. Rejected absolute monarchy and said the best kind of gov't was limited power and was accepted by all citizens. Believed that people formed government to protect their natural rights. Thought people were reasonable and moral, wanted a democratic government, to him, government has limited power and is accepted by citizens
words and music
Gov't / church censored enlightenment heavily, and wrote as wroks of fiction of being censored. Opera, classical, satire.
Baroque
Held in the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and architecture were either in Greek and Roman tradition or in a grand, ornate style which also exemplified drama. Paintings were HUGE, COLORFUL, AND FULL OF EXCITEMENT. Glorified historic battles or the lives of saints. Reflected religious themes. Aristocracy liked it b/c it suggested power. LOTS OF DETAIL. RICH COLOR. UNREALISTIC FACES OF SUBJECTS.
Taxation w/out Representation
Illegal taxes on tea or stuff like food without representation.
The Critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant's most well known work and first work to describe the era as the Enlightenment
The Spirit of the Laws
In this 1748 work on political theory Montesquieu argued that a country's political institutions should be determined by its unique geographic and social characteristics -- He also argues for the separation of government power among separate branches
The Two Treaties of Government
In this, People formed their government to protect their natural rights
Enlightenment Thinkers
Jean Jacques ROUSSEAU, Thomas HOBBES, Baron De Montesquieu, Francois-Marie Arouet VOLTAIRE, Denis DIDEROT, Adam SMITH, and John LOCKE. They were the main thinkers of the enlightenment time and with their different opinions on government, people, religious beliefs, etc. they changed the many perspectives of people all around the world. All have published documents, articles or books on their beliefs.
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
The Vindication of the Rights of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft wrote this piece. SHe claimed the suppression of women was irrational and that is was only continued based on tradition, the very thing enlightenment ideals were trying to change.
Madame Geoffrin
One of the leading females during Enlightenment. Had the most famous salon. Godmother of encyclopedia
Jean Jacques Rosseau
People are god, gov'ts are evil. But because gov't is evil, the natural innocence of people is corrupted by the evils of the society, esp. the unequal distribution of prop. Promoted one of his works: The Social Contract, in which he set forth his ideas about gov't and society. felt that society placed too many limitations on pople's behavioror, some conrols were necessary, but they should be minmal. only gov'ts that had been freely elected should impose these controls. put his faith in the general will: or the best conscience of the people. "The good of the community should be placed about individual interests".
Opera
Portrayed drama through music.
Natural Law
Rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism. Used to better understand social, economic, and political problems. Rules discoverable by reason, it governed scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.
York Town, Virgina
Surrender of the British army after being blocked at Chesapeake Bay
Censoship
The act of not showing or hiding stuff religiously. Voltaire strongly opposed this.
Battle of Sara-toga
The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution; after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support the colonies with money, troops, ships, etc.
Joseph II
The most radical of the enlightened despots, the son of Maria Theresa. An eager student of the enlightenment, he traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems. Modernized Austria's gov't. supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire. Ended censorship by allowing a free press and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under royal CONTROL.
Marquis de Lafayette
a French aristocrat who offered his assistance to George Washington in 1778. He asked for French reinforcements in 1779, and led a command in Virginia in the last years of the war.
Catharine Macaulay
argued that women were being excluded from the social contract itself
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was important to the passage of the constitution. recognized the ideas that people had basic rights that the gov't must protect, such as freedom of religion, speech adn the press. like the constitution, put the philosophes' enlightenment ideas into practice nation's fundamental law.
Edward Jenner
Developed a vaccine against smallpox
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Franz Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809) Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons;wrote The Creation and The Seasons
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1756-1791) Considered to be the greatest composer of concerto, symphony and opera. Was a 6 year old prodigy. Wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Gained instant celebrity. Died at 35. Music helped define a new style of composition
Declaratory Act
(1766) Stated that the British Parliament had the same power to tax in the colonies as it did in Great Britain. Parliament emphasized its authority to make binding laws on the American colonies.
John Adams
(1797-1801) The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798. Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800., He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself
Boston Massacre
(4.1) In 1770, British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed, including Crispus Attucks, a sailor of African and Native American ancestry.
Maria Theresa
(Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charles VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She survived the war only by giving Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of Austria and her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Mother of Joseph II.
Louis XV
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Scientific Revolution
1500s-1600s. Transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. Expanded European knowledge such as vaccine against a medical condition. The study of human behavior and how to solve the problems of society, using the help of natural law.
Enlightenment
1685-1815. This was an 18th century philosophical movement in Europe that stressed the importance of reason in analyzing and investigating.This led to a critical reappraisal of existing ideas and social institutions, and how they could be changed and improved,through the use of reason. Learning new education. People began to think and question. Influenced by the Scientific Revolution.
Baron De Montesquieu
1689-1778.Studied all kinds of Gov't. Political Scientist. Determined that England's monarchy was the best. Advocated "Seperation of Powers" into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Thought this form of gov't was the best b/c each would be able to work by checking upon each other, which produced the process of checks and balances, and this way to protect liberty it could divide the various function and powers of gov't in the three branches.Wrote Spirit of Law, in which he discussed gov'ts throughout history.
The Wealth of Nations
A book published by Adam Smith in 1776. Insisted that individual self-interest, even greed, was compatible with society's best interests. Claimed an "invisible hand" of supply and demand naturally brought both interests in line.
Leviathan
A book written by Thomas Hobbes describing his theory that an absolute government was the only means of balancing human interests and desires with their rights of life and property.
Encyclopedia
A collaboration of knowledge about science, religion, industry, and society written by Dennis Diderot
Johann Sebastian Bach
A devout German Lutheran, who wrote beautiful religious wroks for organ and choirs in his music career. He also wrote sonatas for violin and harpsichord.
Small pox
A disease whose path of death spanned the centuries
Salon
A gathering of all the enlightenment thinkers where they would discuss events/opinions. Informal social gatherings at which writers, artist, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas.
Satire
A type of writing that Mocks human nature/ what you're reading on the surface, it means one thing, but underneath, it means many [other] things.
Enlightenment Despots
Absolute Rulers that followed the Enlightenment and to bring about political and social change using their powers. . Frederick the Great. Thomas Paine. Lafayatte. Catherine the Great. Joseph II. Maria Theresa.
General Will
According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.
Popular Sovereignty
All gov't power comes from the people , also an important point in the Declaration of Independence.
Laissez Faire
Allows business to operate with little or w/out no govt. interference, at all; let's the economy do it's job, while the gov't keeps its hands off. Adam Smith was a strong supporter of this.
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)
Daniel Defoe
An English novelist of teh late 17th and early 18th who created Robinson Crusoe, an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island. This book was a commentary on what it took to survive in the 18th century: entrepreneurial ingenuity and the ability to improvise.
How Enlightenment Ideas Influenced
Bill of Rights. Constitution. New ideas. Scentific Revoltion. Federal Republic- with power divided bewween the federa, or national, gov't and the states. Social Contract. "We the People of United States" entered with the Declaration of Independence, and realized that America can be an independent country.
Frederick the Great/ II
Exerted extremely tight control over his subjects during his reign as king of Prussia from 1740-1786. He saw himself as the "frist servant of the state" with a duty to work for the common good. Praised Voltaire's works and some of his first act as king was the reduce the use of torture and allow a free press. REORGANIZED the gov'ts civil service and simplified laws to make the Prussian gov't more efficient. Welcomed religious differences. However, in the end he desired a stronger monarchy and more power for himself.
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher known for his works known as The Critique of Pure Reason, enthusiastic about the Enlightenment, believed that natural law could help explain aspects of humanity
Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire
Impassioned poet, historian, essayist and philosopher who used his sarcasm and sharp wit to criticize French authorities, and was sent to Bastille prison twice for it.Exiled from France to England for insulting a nobleman; was banned from Paris and when able to return wrote about political and religious freedom. Trouble maker. Opposed censorship and repressive gov'ts. opposed the catholic church (superstitious and emotional). Although many of his written books/Docs. were outlawed or burned, he continued to defend the principle of freedom of speech, inequality, injustice and superstition. detested slave trade and believed in religious freedom, along with targeting corrupt officials and idle aristocrats with his "pen". Wrote Treatise [essay] on Toleration.
Executive Branch
President. Accept or make law.
Mercantilism
Required gov't regulation of the ecomomy to achieve a favorable balance of trade- which the physiocrats rejected strongly.
Natural Rights
Rights that belonged to all humans from birth. Included the right to life, liberty, and property.
How Scientific Revolution Influenced
Scientific Revolution ushered in a new way of thinking, including the establishment of the Scientific Method. With these new tools at their disposal, European intellectuals were able to unlock the secrets of the nature, as well as the very universe itself. However, the new focus on science, seemed to oppose the religious world/bible,which also opposed god. There developed a great schism between followers of science, and those who held to their religious beliefs. ECONOMICALLY: many advances were made in Europe during this time. The Scientific Revolution led to the discovery of several technologies that became incredible helpful to the merchant class, including standardized currency, refillable gift cards, and receipt paper.. Trade started to happen also. {Put in use the Scientific Theory}.
Denis Diderot
Wanted to change the way of thinking from church and superstitious to thinking logically. Wrote ENCYCLOPEDIA covering gov't, philosophy and religion, included Montesquieu and Voltaire , in which the philosophes denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and urged education for all, attacking divine-right theory and traditional religions. French gov't argued that the ENCYCLOPEDIA was an attack on public morals, and the pope threatened to excommunicate Roman Catholics who bought or read the volumes. the ENCYCLOPEDIA helped spread enlightenment ideas throughout Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
American Revolution
War between Britain and the 13 American colonies, 1775-1783. The Colonies, separate, not united until that time, wanted freedom from Great Britain, they had 'taxation without representation', no voice in the British Parliament but had heavy taxes on things shipped in.
Constitution
a document designed to protect our freedom by imposing law on those who wield political power. Without such law, Americans would be under the constant threat of tyranny.
Declaration of Independence
a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a union that would become a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2. Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document.