Chapter 5 Civil Rights

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the differences found in the chart?

...

Second Wave of Woman's Rights

1. Educational opportunities 2. Employment opportunities 3. Pay 4. Lack of child care 5. Domestic violence 6. Rape 7. Obtaining credit

Individual Characteristics?

1. Race 2. National Origin 3. Religion 4. Sex

Facilities included separate but equal

1. Schools 2. Business 3. Public transportation 4. Restaurants 5. Hotels 6. Swimming pools 7. Recreation facilities

Was the buss boycott a success?

1. Was confirmed by the Supreme Court 2. Garnered national attention 3. Evoked public sympathy 4. Gained a powerful leader

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court ruling creating the separate but equal doctrine.

Grandfather Clause

A clause exempting individuals from voting conditions such as poll taxes or literacy tests if they or their ancestors had voted before 1870, thus sparing most white voters.

Poll Tax

A fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting.

White Primary

A primary election in which a party's nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote.

Literacy Test

A test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass.

Ordinary Scrutiny

Age

Which of the following scenarios is an accurate comparison of de jure and de facto segregation?

De jure- Jim Crow laws De facto- blacks and whites choosing to live in separate neighborhoods.

Seperate but equal doctrine

Established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, it said that separate but equal facilities for whites and nonwhites do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

Strict Scruitiny Test

Guidelines the courts use to determine the legality of suspect classification based discrimination; on the basis of this test, discrimination is legal if necessary means by which the government can achieve a compelling public interest.

All of the following methods were used in attempts to keep blacks from voting except?

Heightened scrutiny test.

Assuming that white, non-Hispanic men are at 100%, which of the following groups is most affected by the wage gap?

Hispanic Women

Affirmative Action

In the employment arena, intentional efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote underutilized categories of workers (women and minority men); in higher education, intentional efforts to diversify the student body.

Inherent Characteristics

Individuals attributes such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.

Transgender

Individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth.

Black Codes

Laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of "freemen" (people formerly enslaved)

Ordinary Scrutiny Test (rational basis test)

On the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if it is a reasonable means by which the government can achieve a legitimate public interest.

The "separate but equal" precedent referred to above was established by which of the following cases?

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1898

Strict Scrutiny

Race, ethnicity, and religion

de facto segregation

Segregation maintained by practice.

de jure segregation

Segregation mandated by law.

Heightened Scrutiny

Sex

Only in recent years has federal hate crime legislation been expanded to protect individuals on the basis of

Sexual Orientation

Equal Protection Clause

The Fourteenth Amendment clause stating that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Intersectionality

The experience of multiple forms of oppression (based on race, gender, class, and/or sexuality) simultaneously

Heightened Scrutiny Test (intermediate scrutiny test)

The guidelines used most frequently by the courts to determine the legality of sex-based discrimination; on the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest.

Standing to sue

The legal right to bring lawsuits in court.

Civil Rights

The rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.

Reconstruction Era

The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

This 1954 Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Hate crime

a crime committed against a person, property, or society, in which the offender is motivated, in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

Civil Disobedience

active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable, while accepting the consequences of violating these laws.

Suspect Classification

distinctions based on race, religion, and national origin, which are assumed to be illegitimate.

Jim Crow Laws

laws requiring strict separation of racial groups, with whites and "nonwhites" required to attend separate schools, work in different jobs, and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants.