Chapter 5

Rank the following causes of death among young children from the highest incidence to lowest, with the cause having the highest incidence at the top.

1. Accidents 2. Cancer 3. Cardiovascular disease

Age developmental tasks can be achieved

3 years old: hopping and jumping 4 years old: climbing a low jungle gym 5 years old: running races with friends

In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ______ percentile.

97th

What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)?

Frontal lobe

Project ________ ________ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

Head Start

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

Information processing theory Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and __________ , Correct Unavailable develop independently before merging.

Thought

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory posits children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

True

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can ______.

accurately remember a large quantity of information

The preoperational thought substage that is called __________ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.

intuitive

Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the substage__________ , in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function substage

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ________ , which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises?

Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process. Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding.

What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood?

Executive attention Sustained attention

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.

Executive; sustained

True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization DOES NOT occur.

False

Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits.

Negative

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups Modeling healthy eating habits Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Primitive reasoning

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

Running Climbing Jumping

Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities?

Writing Listening Talking Reading

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?

Zone of proximal developmen

The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is ______.

accidents

Child __________ , Correct Unavailable kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called

centration

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______.

conservation

Literacy development among children is helped when children

have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write.

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called

information processing.

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought ______.

initially develop independently of each other and then merge

The retention of information over time is defined as

memory (or storage)

Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as __________ , whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.

obese

Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech

possessive nouns. articles. plural nouns. (NOT adjectives)

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics.

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of __________ development.

proximal

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________.

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to __________ , another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

The two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood include a growth in height and an increase in

weight