Chapter 5 Human Development, quiz 5 6

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________.

18

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. 292

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces.

7 months

-zygote,

A fertilized egg cell, called a zygote

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent

A. overweight

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers

A. physical movement and body control

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration

A. identity crisis

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

A. Prenatal programming

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity

A. Prenatal programming

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented

A. insecure-resistant

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________.

A. bone cells

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst

A. bone cells

Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training

A. contact

Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically

A. emergence of symbolic thought

Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous

A. fluid

**The ________________ of a sound wave determines what we perceive as loudness.

Amplitude

Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep?

An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.

-What type of amnesia is related to Alzheimer's disease?

Antergrade amnesia

-What is anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of disease.Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of the disease or injury.

Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens

As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of the safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle

-What describes a binge drinker?

At least five drinks in a row men and four for women

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

Auditory

The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom

B. exposed to violence in video games

On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15

B. 11

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25

B. 18

Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12

B. 3

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9

B. 3 or 4

________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder

B. Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?

B. It consolidates memory.

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders.

B. neurogenesis

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation

B. neurogenesis

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe

B. overload their frontal lobes

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease

C. a stroke

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents

C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood

A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst

C. fetal

The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst

C. fetal

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months

C. four to six months

Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality

C. generativity versus stagnation

The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal

C. germinal

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached

C. insecure-disoriented

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation

C. integrity and despair

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

C. intimacy

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence

C. intimacy

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence.

C. lack of conservation.

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

C. minimally conscious.

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.

C. myelinated

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned

C. myelinated

The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking

C. theory of mind

Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism.

C. theory of mind.

Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen

C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence

As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses

C. thinner corpus callosum

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on:

C. universal moral principles.

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments

C. universal moral principles.

- What is the world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug?

Caffeine

- On which principle is post conventional moral reasoning based on?

Civil Disobedience

- According to classical and operant conditioning, how important is the role of imitation in the learning process?

Classical and operant conditioning do not take into account the powerful role of imitation in the learning process.

Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?

Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence

B. wisdom

Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?

Benzodiazepines

blastocyst

Blastocyst breaks trough the zona and implants in the uterus

Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes

C. neurons

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.

A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo

A. zygote

-According to the book what is the most widely used depressant?

Alcohol

-What drugs can be classified as opioids?

All drugs derived from opium or chemicals similar to opium. Oxycodone Percocet or Percodan HYdrcodone

How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.

C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.

C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri

C. ovaries

_______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis

C. Cerebral palsy

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________.

C. strange situation

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task

C. strange situation

The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex

C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain

Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument

C. Exercising

Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage

C. Fetal stage

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous

C. Fluid

During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

C. object permanence

With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills

C. the questions of who they are

Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.

D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.

In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers

D. peers

According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional

D. postconventional

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision?

D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary

D. Pituitary

Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter

D. bitter

During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness

D. cardiovascular fitness

The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system

D. central nervous system

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight

D. eight

According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking

D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking

The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes

D. frontal lobes

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people.

D. generativity

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity

D. generativity

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart

D. heart

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin

D. myelin

According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational

D. preoperational

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational

D. preoperational

_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.

Delirium tremens

•difficult

Difficult children (10%) -react negatively to new situations or people -have irritable dispositions -have difficulty establishing regular sleeping and feeding schedules

When does sleepwalking usually occur?

During non-REM sleep

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Question 5 options:

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

-gastrolation,

Gastrolation - "folding over" of cells to form three layers

The ___ theory of pain proposes that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing neural channels that are involved in pain sensation which are sent to the brain

Gate control

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter?

Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence

T/F: By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.

False

T/F: The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.

False

T/F: The combining of an egg and the womb is called "fertilization."

False (egg and sperm)

T/F: In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.

False (eliminating extra neural connections)

T/F: Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.

False (least well developed sense)

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before.

Fluid

Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?

Freud

What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?

Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning

Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis?

Hypnotized people are in reality awake

Where does memory consolidation take place?

Hyppocampus

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?

Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?

In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

-What is the serial position effect?

In the late 19th century Mary Whiton Calkins observed and interesting phenomenon of short-term memory. When learning a list of items people are better able to recall them at the beginning and end of the list. They tend to forget the items in the middle

-What is observational learning?

Learning b y watching behavior

-What is enactive learning? What is an example of this type of learning?

Learning by doing.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?

Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.

What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal?

Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.

factors that affect the developing fetus

Mother's emotional state •Nutrition •Mother's age •Parityagents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses teratogens

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?

Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which powerful stimulant is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue?

Nicotine

-What is imprinting?

No dependent on reward and reinforcement Example is the imprinting the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time.

Which of the following sequences correctly depicts the general pathway of sound entering the outer ear

Pinnae-Auditory Canal-Tympanic membrane

Which level of moral reasoning appears to be limited to Western cultures?

Postconventional

Which of the following statements is true about pruning?

Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

Psilocybin

**"_____________occurs when people compulsively use a substance to alleviate boredome, regulate mood, or cope with the challenges of everyday life."

Psychological dependence

newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ___ sleep

REM

What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior.

What do Infants Know and How do We Know it?•Robert Fank

Robert Fank -objects that have contours -complex over simple ones -whole faces over part of faces

What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory?

Synaptic connections get strengthened.

-How are synaptic connections affected if they are not used regularly? What happens when we stop using learned information?

Synaptic connections will weaken if not used properly.

Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s?

The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.

•Harrow's theory

Theory—infants attach to those who provide contact comfort

In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal?

Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.

Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

T/F: A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.

True

T/F: A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.

True

T/F: Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.

True

T/F: By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.

True

T/F: In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identification.

True

T/F: Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.

True

T/F: Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.

True

T/F: Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.

True

T/F: The brain is the first major organ to develop, after conception.

True

T/F: The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.

True

T/F: The formal operational stage begins about the age of 12.

True

T/F: The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.

True

T/F: The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.

True

T/F: Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.

True

T/F: Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.

True

Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to?

Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.

Sensory Abilities in Infancy •vision

Vision -slowest of the senses to develop (20/400 at birth—legally blind) -low number of cones functioning in the retina -not enough connections among the neurons in the visual cortex of the brain

Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something?

When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

When the various sensory elements get integrated.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur.

Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter?

White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.

- What is the importance of having close, intimate friends during adolescence?

With the onset of puberty children start to question who they are.It can be quite stressful if this is challenged and this identity last through adulthood.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors ???

**"According to Jung, individuation is the process by which:"

a person's personality becomes whole and full.

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Social class

a. Age

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. b. This is the second stage of cognitive development. c. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. d. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.

a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. a. Egocentrism b. Object permanence c. Animistic thinking d. Pruning

a. Egocentrism

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. b. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. c. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. d. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. a. Prenatal programming b. Neuron migration c. Pruning d. Generativity

a. Prenatal programming

The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as

accommodation

"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

acronym

Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use of physical and psychological dependence on a substance

addiction

even though it can make people feel more aroused on social settings, this popular drug is a depressant

alcohol

______ is a degenerative disease marked by the progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function

alzheimer's disease

______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.

alzheimer's disease

What do Infants Know and How do We Know it? -habituation and dishabituation

amount of time a baby spends looking at an object and heart rate -measure of attention, preferences, or perceptual abilities

Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy?

amphetamines

- What brain structure is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences?

amydala

-identity crisis

an adolescent struggles to establish a personal identity, or self-concept

four year old Jana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. according to jean paget's stages of cognitive development, jana is demonstrating ____ in this scenario

animistic thinking

**According to the observation of Singer and colleagues, when one sees a loved one in pain, the ______ and the insula regions of the brain become activated.

anterior cingulate cortex

**Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called ___________.

apparent motion

Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy."

are depressed or anxious

because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter

are strongly connected to specific memories or emotions

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process.

association ??????

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts

associative network

**"In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. "

attachment

•primary drives theory

attachment results from associating the satisfaction of primary drives with the being who satisfies them

What neurological disorders may result from neural pruning?

autism or schizophrenia

The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:

awareness

On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15

b. 11

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. a. 15 b. 18 c. 22 d. 25

b. 18

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. a. 1 or 2 b. 3 or 4 c. 5 or 6 d. 8 or 9

b. 3 or 4

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. a. matter conservation b. animistic thinking c. egocentrism d. social referencing

b. animistic thinking

A teratogen is: a. brain region responsible for the ability to speak. b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. c. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. d. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.

b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. a. amorphous b. crystallized c. alternative d. fluid

b. crystallized

The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. a. talking on cell phones b. exposed to violence in video games c. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles d. texting in the classroom

b. exposed to violence in video games

**"When we are awake, brain activity is characterized by rapid, low-energy waves known as :"

beta waves

**Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby.

bone cells

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

feature detection research suggests that visual perception is a process of building a visual experience from smaller pieces. We put the pieces together, and then we see the whole. this perspective is known as

bottom up processing

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS) 289

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

**_________________are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light.

cones

The second stage of long-term memory formation is

consolidation

Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition.

contact

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but there is no one there. Signal detection researchers would label Thomas's report of no knock as a _______.

correct rejection

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.

crystallized

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. a. 8 b. 12 c. 18 d. 26

d. 26

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. a. 2 years b. 3 months c. 1 year d. 7 months

d. 7 months

_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. a. Bipolar disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Down syndrome d. Alzheimer's disease

d. Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? a. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. b. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. c. At birth, infants are far-sighted. d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? a. Parathyroid b. Adrenaline c. Alveolar d. Pituitary

d. Pituitary

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. a. Computer b. Cellphone c. Video game d. Television

d. Television

Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. a. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters b. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder c. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change d. the environment affects gene expression

d. the environment affects gene expression

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. a. egocentrism b. animistic thinking c. object permanence d. theory of mind

d. theory of mind

What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device?

decrease in parietal lobe activity

______ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol creates for an alcoholic

delirium tremens

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________.

denial

- What are the biggest predictors of hearing loss?

difficulty hearing normal conversation and age gender and profession

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.

easy

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant.

eight

The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________.

embryo

The natural painkiller in the human body is:

endorphin

the human body has natural painkillers called

endorphins

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________.

engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

What is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood?

entails successful passage through certain life transitions which end in nearly complete independence from ones parents.

___________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

ethology

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:

excellent memories

- What activity is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging?

exercise

In operant conditioning, ____________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced

extinction ???

Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is:

extremely drunk

•5 reflexes discussed in class

eyeblinking reflex-reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from light and foreign objects sucking reflex- rhythmic sucking in response to stimulation of the tongue or mouth rooting reflex- the reflexive turning of the newborn's head in the direction of a touch on its cheek Palmer grasp reflex-reflexive curling of the infant's fingers around an object that touches the palm of the hand moro reflex-by a sudden noise or loss support, in which the infant extends its arms, arches its back, and brings its arms toward each other as though attempting to grab hold of someone

The brain is not very active during sleep.

f

Each cycle of REM-nonREM sleep periods last about 90 minutes.

f.....t

research shows that sleep functions to

facilitate learning, memory, and neural growth

AIM stands for Awake, Images and Movement.

false

Alcohol is a type of stimulant.

false

Marijuana actually contains few, if any, of the carcinogens found in cigarette smoke.

false

Nicotine is the world's most commonly used psychoactive drug.

false

Psychoactive drugs are only found in Western cultures.

false

The frontal lobes are typically not affected by excessive drinking.

false

Unexpectedly, caffeine relaxes the skeletal muscles.

false

When we choose to be aware of as much of the world around us as possible, we are engaging in selective attention.

false

The scale for the loudness of sound is the metronome.

false (decibels)

Joe asks Thomas if he heard the knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Joe swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but no one is there. signal detection theorists would label Joe's perception that someone knocked t the door as a

false alarm

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________.

feelings of self-worth in adulthood

The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception.

fetal

o accommodation

fitting new objects, events, etc., into a existing schema eg sucking

o assimilation

fitting new objects, events, etc., into a existing schemaolder children develop classification schemas—mental representations of particular classes of objects

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.

five

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop?

formal operational

-imprinting

formation of a strong bond of the newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception.

four to six months

in which area of the brain does significant development occur during adolescence

frontal lobe

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.

gained significantly more weight

Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________.

generativity versus stagnation

•3 basic tasks of infancy

getting the sustenance they need -defending against harmful stimulation -making social contact

•puberty and body image in girls and boys

girls who mature earlier than their peers are usually less satisfied with their size, weight, and figureboys who mature later than their peers have only temporary decreases in body image

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.

gray matter WRONG ANSWER

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

growth of new neurons

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

hallucination

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood?

having a child

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain.

heart

-What can we achieve through meditation?

helps to train the conscious mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention, and enhance awareness of the present moment

Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is:

highly mindful

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment.

identity crisis

Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of:

increased energy

Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?

increased heart rate

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress?

increased heart rate

•John Bolby

infants who develop one or more good attachments have a sense of security and safety

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play.

insecure-resistant

What is crystallized intelligence?

knowledge that we have gained from experience and learning, education and practice

Three year old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amount of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's

lack of conservation

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:

lack of conservation

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.

latent learning 305

According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:

latent level

when one multi tasks there is

less sustained attention

Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:

lysergic acid diethylamide-25.

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

melatonin

In which adulthood stage is crystallized intelligence strengthened?

middle adulthood

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.

middle adulthood

Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person.

mindful

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

minimally conscious

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? a. Infants b. Babies c. Adolescents d. Elderly adults

c. Adolescents

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? a. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. b. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. d. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.

c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. a. Crystallized b. Alternative c. Fluid d. Amorphous

c. Fluid

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? a. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. b. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. d. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.

c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? a. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. b. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. d. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.

c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? a. Animistic thinking increases. b. Heart rate decreases. c. Scientific thinking becomes possible. d. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

c. Scientific thinking becomes possible.

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. a. Parkinson's disease b. a bipolar disorder c. a stroke d. Alzheimer's disease

c. a stroke

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. a. self-assured and flexible b. highly career oriented c. anxious and self-doubting d. emotionally sterile and calculating

c. anxious and self-doubting

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. a. cognition b. imprinting c. attachment d. sublimation

c. attachment

__________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped.

cell assemblies

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

central executive

Studies in mice show that there is a substantial increase in the exchange of the cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows the cleansing of ___

cerebral toxins

•process of adaptation

child adapt to new challenges and demands through a process of adaptation

Raj is an employed youth who has recently moved to the night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in ____ is most likely the cause fo Raj's problems

circadian rhythm

**Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _________________, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter.

closure

The Gestalt law of ________ occurs when we perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information.

closure

you are at a loud gathering talking to a friend. the noise of the chatter is nearly deafening, but all of a sudden you hear your name spoken above the noise. this is known as

cocktail party effect

Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?

morphine

Motor Skills -order of muscle control

motor development in infancy progresses rapidly through a series of steps •order of muscle control -Head -Trunk -Arms -Legs

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.

myelin

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.

myelinated

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement 294

**"During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________."

object permanence

When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as:

object permanence

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________.

observational learning 306

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________.

overload their frontal lobes

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children.

overweight

_________ is a well known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks.

parallel distributed processing

In the teen years, ____ start to replace parents as a source of identification

peers

A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that:

people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.

**The brain's ability to preserve perception of objects in spite of the changes in retinal image is known as_____________.

perceptual constancy

**"The _____________ states that we do not notice potential distracters when a primary task consumes all of our attentional capacity."

perceptual load theory

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing

phonemic

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?

pituitary

According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ___ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules

postconventional

The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.

primacy

___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli.

priming

What does REM stand for?

rapid eye movement

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.

recovered

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

recovered memory

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors which humans experience results from a mixture of:

red, blue, green

-What is neurogenesis?

reverse age-related reductions in neural growth

If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life.

schizophrenia

•3 basic attachment styles

secure type—use mothers as a secure base to explore the environment (60%) insecure-avoidant type—pays little attention to mother when present and show little distress when she leaves (20%) insecure-resistant type—clings to mother, avoiding venturing into unfamiliar situations (10%) disorganized type—no consistent pattern of response (5%)

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?

semantic

In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing.

semantic processing

The term ___ refers to the part of the inner ear that plays a key role in maintaining a sense of balance

semicircular canals

**________ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.

sensation

____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory.

sensation

**Rods have high __________ to light but provide poor ___________.

sensitivity, resolution

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the _______ stage of cognitive development

sensorimeter

3. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

sensorimotor

Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development from earliest to latest

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

serial position effect

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

shaping

_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.

short-term

The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

- What happens when one switches from one simple task to another?

sustained energy is compromised during multitasking

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors.

sweet

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses ???

________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.

synesthesia

Alpha waves are dominant when we are drowsy.

t

Beta waves are dominant during wakeful periods.

t

REM stands for Rapid Eye Movements.

t

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?

the treat 294

According to the book, what are intimate friends associated with?

the values and social rules operating within different peer groups give teens identity templates which they use to define themselves

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________.

theory of mind

The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work.

theory of mind

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________.

three

which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag example in your textbook

trichromatic color theory

A circadian rhythm refers to a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.

true

Amplitude of a soundwave refers to loudness.

true

An example of a "loss of consciousness" is "fainting."

true

Attention refers to the "focusing of conscious."

true

Consciousness is considered to be a combination of wakefulness and awareness.

true

Depressants slow down central nervous system activity.

true

Hearing begins when we sense sound waves.

true

Hypnosis has been found to help with pain during childbirth.

true

In a dichotic listening task, a different message is directed to each ear at the same time.

true

LSD is a hallucinogen.

true

Melatonin is a hormone that makes us sleepy.

true

Moderate alcohol use can be beneficial for the cardiovascular system.

true

Most people dream numerous times each night, but typically we do not remember our dreams on awakening.

true

The Cognitive theory of dreams, suggests that dreams are similar to our everyday thinking experience.

true

The Cognitive-Biological theory of dreams combines the Cognitive theory and the AIM theory.

true

The degree to which a person can monitor information from the environment and one's own thoughts is "awareness."

true

The higher the frequency of a sound, the higher the pitch.

true

Tobacco is used throughout the world.

true

Wakefulness is the degree to which a person is awake or asleep.

true

When we sleep and dream, we are considered to be "moderately conscious."

true

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

Since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a(n) ___________.

unconditioned response (UCR)

A tap just below your kneecap will cause your leg to jerk forth. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule 300

**The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________.

vision

_____________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.

television

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.

television

The male gonads are called ______________.

testes

**"________ while driving leads to slower reaction times than other distracting activities."

texting

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times?

texting

**After leaving the retina, what is the first stop in the brain for processing of visual information?

thalamus

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

the cocktail party effect

Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?

the cognitive theory

**Epigenetics is the study of how ____________.

the environment affects gene expression

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ___________.

the learner wants

- Can you name one cognitive benefit of aging?

wisdom

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________.

wisdom

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment.

wisdom

Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?

the perceptual load theory

which of the following describes Weber's law

the size of a just noticeable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

"Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

-sensorimotor

(0-2 years)understand the world through senses and motor actions -develop object permanence (milestone)

-formal operations

(12 and up)-full cognitive maturity -ability to think logically about abstract ideas, generate hypotheses, and think deductively e.g.

-preoperational

(2-7 years)beginning to develop thinking skills -capable of symbolic representations (thought) -make belief play -classifies objects by a single feature -thinking is egocentric -difficulty distinguishing appearance from reality -lack the concept of conservation

-concrete operations

(7-12 years)-development of conservation -can think logically about objects and events -can perform mental operations on concrete objects

•fetal period

(9 weeks to birth) •Growth in size and weight •All major organ systems, as well as fingers and toes, are formed by 12th week of prenatal development

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.

•misconceptions about the capabilities of babies

-cannot focus their eyes or respond to sound -don't experience pain

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest?

. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

- What is the legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states in the United States for various body weights?

.10 1/10

The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.

0.08

What are the different levels of moral reasoning?

1st is preconventional the responses tend to be Heinz should not steal the drug because he will get in trouble and go to jail with the reasoning be avoiding punishment.second Conventional Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong. Society cannot function if people steal all the time. third postconventional level Although it is legally wrong Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life but he needs to be willing to suffer the consequences go to jail if need be

•embryonic stage

2 weeks to through 8 weeks)•The major organ systems begin to take shape in the developing organism, which we now call the embryo

**A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception.

26

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's.

3 or 4

There are 4 types of touch receptors.

4

•conception

A sperm cell breaks through the zona (a hard protein shell surrounding the ovum) and starts fertilization—the sperm cell fuses with the ovum (egg cell)

- What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Strayer?

A vast majority of participants showed significant decrements in attention in dual task condition.

Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed.

A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.

A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.

A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.

A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.

A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood

A. middle adulthood

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational

A. postconventional

Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

A. sensorimotor

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia?

A. Age

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class

A. Age

Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking

A. Cyberbullying

_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning

A. Egocentrism

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor

A. Formal operational

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

A. Sensorimotor

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational

A. Sensorimotor

Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness."

A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness.

Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell

A. Vision

Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons.

A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.

Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?

A. William Dement

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage?

A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage

A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

A. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial

A. acceptance

Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

A. acetylcholine

Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes

A. are depressed or anxious

According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation

A. intimacy and isolation

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter

A. larger cerebellums

When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility.

A. object permanence.

If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia

A. schizophrenia

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter

A. sweet

The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals

A. testes

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:

A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________.

A. the development of moral reasoning in children

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children

A. the development of moral reasoning in children

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed

A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope

What does the AIM stand for?

Activation, input, and mode

Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance?

Addiction

-What is Alzheimer's disease?

Age related memory loss in the age related brain ultimately ending in complete memory loss

Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks.

B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence.

B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth.

B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level

B. Postconventional level

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.

B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence.

B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections.

Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood

B. emerging adulthood

In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage

B. Embryonic stage

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls.

B. Estradiol

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin

B. Estradiol

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.

B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating

B. Having a child

Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell

B. Hearing

Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.

B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.

Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood.

B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth?

B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy

B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

_____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism

B. Puberty

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking

B. Slowed heart rate

Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?

B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.

Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation?

B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario.

B. animistic thinking

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing

B. animistic thinking

teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.

B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia

B. bone cells

The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney

B. brain

Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral

B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT!

According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational

B. concrete operational

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.

B. crystallized

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid

B. crystallized

The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote

B. embryo

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide

B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.

B. gained significantly more weight

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently

B. gained significantly more weight

According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation

B. generativity

Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism

B. imprinting

According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized

B. insecure-avoidant

According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional

B. preconventional

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational

B. preconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.

B. preoperational

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

B. preoperational

When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations

B. preoperational

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching

B. pruning

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five

B. three

The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch

B. vision

Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety

C. object permanence

On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15

C. 13

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults

C. Adolescents

Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep?

Circadian rhythm

Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession

C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender

_______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers

C. Hospices

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.

C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development

C. Increased heart rate

Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline

C. Myelin sheath

Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness?

C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

C. Scientific thinking becomes possible.

Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin

C. Testosterone

Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood.

C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.

Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere.

C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls.

Which of the following is true about brain waves?

C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.

What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?

It is a real activity that the brain experiences

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating

C. anxious and self-doubting

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers.

C. attachment

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation

C. attachment

According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor

C. concrete operational

During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events

The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal

C. embryonic

Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking

C. developed emotional competence

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________.

C. egocentrism

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking

C. egocentrism

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development.

C. sensorimotor

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational

C. sensorimotor

The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar

C. sex

Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight

C. six

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy

C. slow-to-warm-up

- What did we learn from Bandura's famous studies that incorporated a Bobo doll?

Children will be aggressive based on what they observe

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26

D. 26

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months

D. 7 months

_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease

D. Alzheimer's disease

____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation

D. Conservation

Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.

D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.

_______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia

D. Dementia

With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.

D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.

Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth.

D. It continues after birth.

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television

D. Television

Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe.

D. concrete operational

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational

D. concrete operational

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial

D. denial

Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception

D. depth perception

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy

D. easy

Talking while driving:

D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized

D. insecure-disorganized

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible

D. self-assured and flexible

By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six

D. six

Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression

D. the environment affects gene expression

By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's

D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind

D. theory of mind

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom

D. wisdom

Temperament •easy

Easy children (40%) -consistently calm—easy to sooth -playful—happy babies -respond positively to new stimuli -adapt easily to changes -display a happy, engaging mood -quick to develop regular sleeping and feeding schedules

Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma?

Emotional responsiveness

Which of the following is true about explicit memory?

Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

Hallucination

Sensory Abilities in Infancy•hearing

Hearing -newborns can hear many different types of sounds -sensitive to sounds falling the frequency of the human voice -by several months of age—can differentiate among various speech sounds (e.g., "ba" from "ma")

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is driven by attention

Which of the following is true about effortful processing?

It is the basis of semantic memory

What is pruning?

It is the degration of synapse and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience. It is nature's way of making the brain more efficiant

What is the "Heinz Dilemma"?

It is when someone does something morally wrong for the benefit of another person

- How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

It produces an intense sense of euphoria

Which of the following is true of nicotine?

It relaxes the automatic nervous system

Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?

MDMA

What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?

Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time

Strange Situation Test

Strange Situation Test -a parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

•Mary Ainsworth

Strange Situation Test -a parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment 1. Mom and Baby play in lab room 2. Stranger enters & Mom leaves. 3. Mom returns & stranger leaves 4. Mom leaves baby alone 5. Stranger and Mom return

•slow to warm up

Slow-to-warm-up children (15%) -shy—wary of new experiences -low activity levels and avoid novel stimuli -require more time to adjust to new situations than most children -typically react to unfamiliar situations by becoming withdrawn, subdued, or mildly distressed

Sensory Abilities •smell

Smell -neonates can detect their mother's odor (5 to 6 days) -can discriminate between breast pads worn by mothers and other women -show preference for sweetness

-How does learning relate to synapses?

Specifically certain proteins become activated in short-term and longterm memory formation and learningThese protein change preexisting synaptic connections and cause the growth of new synapses. Learning is the growth of new synapses.

-Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in what brain region?

The hippocampus

-What is modeling?

The limitation of behaviors performed by others

-What is the difference between the primacy effect and the recency effect?

The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the primacy effect. Whereas recall for items at the end of a list is known as recency effect

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

**Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

- What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior?

These studies showed how reinforcement works with modeling to lead to learning and demonstrate the power of modeling in the learning of aggression

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

They are more likely to be iron deficient.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario?

This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________.

a stroke

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. b. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. c. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. d. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.

a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

a. Sensorimotor

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. b. The difficult child is happy most of the time. c. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions d. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.

a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. b. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. c. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. d. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.

a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Taste d. Smell

a. Vision

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage b. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote c. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote d. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage

a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: a. a person's personality becomes whole and full. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

a. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. a. bone cells b. zygote c. brain d. blastocyst

a. bone cells

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. a. identity crisis b. sensorimotor stage c. pruning d. neural migration

a. identity crisis

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disorganized d. insecure-disoriented

a. insecure-resistant

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. a. larger cerebellums b. fewer neurons c. thinner corpus callosum d. more white matter

a. larger cerebellums

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. a. middle adulthood b. late adulthood c. emerging adulthood d. early adulthood

a. middle adulthood

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. a. overweight b. blind c. depressed d. violent

a. overweight

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. a. physical movement and body control b. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings c. peer relationships and status d. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers

a. physical movement and body control

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. a. postconventional b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

a. postconventional

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. a. sweet b. salty c. sour d. bitter

a. sweet

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. a. the development of moral reasoning in children b. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age c. the cognitive ability of children d. the development of linguistic ability in children

a. the development of moral reasoning in children

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope b. the vision of the fetus is fully developed c. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed d. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed

a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. b. children develop egocentrism. c. the size of the frontal lobe increases. d. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.

a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. a. zygote b. fetus c. blastocyst d. embryo

a. zygote

EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal:

abnormality in sleep spindles.

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? a. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. c. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. d. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.

In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? a. Germinal stage b. Embryonic stage c. Fetal stage d. Blastocyst stage

b. Embryonic stage

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. a. Testosterone b. Estradiol c. Leptin d. Oxytocin

b. Estradiol

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? a. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. c. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. d. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.

b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? a. Animistic thinking b. Having a child c. Symbolic thinking d. Graduating

b. Having a child

Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. c. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. d. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.

b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? a. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. c. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. d. It has always caused brain growth.

b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? a. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking c. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet d. Developing an infection during pregnancy

b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? a. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. c. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. d. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.

b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? a. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor d. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? a. Increased rate of neuron development b. Slowed heart rate c. Turning over of the fetus d. Greater frequency of kicking

b. Slowed heart rate

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. a. cried less b. gained significantly more weight c. slept significantly more d. fell ill more frequently

b. gained significantly more weight

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. a. pruning b. neurogenesis c. neural migration d. individuation

b. neurogenesis

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. a. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain b. overload their frontal lobes c. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus d. overload their flocculonodular lobe

b. overload their frontal lobes

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. a. sensorimotor b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

b. preconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

b. preoperational

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. a. cognitive programming b. pruning c. rewiring d. enriching

b. pruning

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. a. two b. three c. four d. five

b. three

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. a. fluid intelligence b. wisdom c. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence d. crystallized intelligence

b. wisdom

During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. a. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error b. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events d. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. a. individuation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. animistic thinking

c. egocentrism

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. a. poorer performance in school b. more conflicts with authority figures c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood d. more conflicts with parents

c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. a. one to two months b. two to three months c. four to six months d. seven to eight months

c. four to six months

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disoriented d. insecure-attached

c. insecure-disoriented

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. a. pruning b. rewiring c. intimacy d. object permanence

c. intimacy

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. a. rewired b. migrated c. myelinated d. pruned

c. myelinated

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. preoperational

c. sensorimotor

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. a. prison study b. obedience experiment c. strange situation d. line judgment task

c. strange situation

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: a. avoidance of punishments. b. the social consequences of an action. c. universal moral principles. d. individual moral temperaments.

c. universal moral principles.

•germinal state

conception to 2 weeks)A fertilized egg cell, called a zygote , that forms from the fusion of sperm and ovum undergoes cell division •Blastocyst breaks trough the zona and implants in the uterus

According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage.

concrete operational

piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development begins when the child can conserve; that is, knows that the amount of a liquid or substance stays the same even when it changes shape

concrete operational

A(n) ____________ is a previously neutral input that an organism leans to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? a. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. b.A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. c. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. a. bottom of the brain to the top b. top of the brain to the bottom c. frontal lobes to the back of the brain d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. a. heart b. intestine c. liver d. central nervous system

d. central nervous system

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. preoperational d. concrete operational

d. concrete operational

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. a. bargaining b. depression c. anger d. denial

d. denial

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. a. difficult b. conventional c. slow-to-warm-up d. easy

d. easy

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. a. two b. five c. six d. eight

d. eight

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. a. pruning b. neural migration c. prenatal programming d. generativity

d. generativity

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. a. skull b. liver c. intestine d. heart

d. heart

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. a. gray matter b. number of neurons c. number of axons d. myelin

d. myelin

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational

d. preoperational

If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):

depressant

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Adolescence

importance of social relationships in human development—personalitiespsychosocial development progresses through a series of 8 stages

Newborn animals follow the first large animal they encounter because of

imprinting

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________.

integrity and despair

- What is dementia? What are the risk factors for dementia?

is an unusual degree of loss in congnitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty in reasoning solving problems making decisions and using language.

-What is addiction?

is the result from the habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance in spite of knowing it is harmful.

Which of the following is true of REM?

it is characterized by active dreaming

-What do we mean by "sensitivity period" when we talk about imprinting?

its a period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus

•social and emotional development

key developmental task of adolescents: attaining a personal identity

**"All of the following are stimulants except for:"

marijuana

Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?

marijuana

The top layers of skin have receptor cells that are sensitive to different tactile qualities. these receptors are called

mechanoreceptors

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.

neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue. this stimulant can be as addictive as heroin.

nicotine

Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a:

node

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

operant conditioning

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development.

postconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.

preoperational

when asked where the sun goes at night, 4 year old Kiet explains to his dad that it foes to sleep. later that day Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. Kiet is in this ______ stage of Piaget's cognitive development

preoperational

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

rehearsing the stored process

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.

reinforced

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will:

relive an extremely traumatic event over and over

**"Which region of the brain plays a key role in maintaining wakefulness?"

reticular formation

By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help.

six

meditation:

stabilizes attention

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.

stimulus generalization ???

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________.

strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument 316

Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the:

subcortex (273)

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:

the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others

Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention?

the dichotic listening test

According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?

the growth of new neurons was inhibited

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:

the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient

synaptic pruning refers to the process during which

the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:

visuospatial sketch pad

Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of:

wakefulness and awareness

-zona

zona (a hard protein shell surrounding the ovum)

•three kinds of problems in adolescence

•Frequency: early adolescence •Intensity: mid-adolescence •Most often with moms and daughters

•what do parents and teenagers fight about?

•Frequency: early adolescence •Intensity: mid-adolescence •Most often with moms and daughters

-What are the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

•Re-experiencing symptoms: Flashbacks—reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating. Bad dreams. ... •Avoidance symptoms: Staying away from places, events, or objects that are reminders of the experience. Feeling emotionally numb. ... •Hyperarousal symptoms: Being easily startled

Jean Piaget's Views of Development •schema

•father of cognitive development •best way to understand how children think -observe them closely as they interact with objects and solve problems -how do they arrive to answers child adapt to new challenges and demands through a process of adaptation -allow children to function more effectively •two complementary processes of adaptation: -assimilation -accommodation