Chapter 5 Inquisitive: The Civilization of Ancient Rome

The Roman Republic had an unusually strong army by comparison to other ancient peoples in the region. How large was the army of the Roman Republic?

300,000 soldiers.

What was the Struggle of the Orders?

A centuries long conflict through which the plebeian Romans won political rights.

Examine this image. What does this statue depict?

A virtuous Roman man showing respect for his ancestors.

Match Augustus's defense of his own actions, on the left, with the corresponding criticism expressed by Tacitus, on the right.

Augustus: At the age of nineteen, on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army.... Tacitus: Augustus mobilized ex-army settlers by gifts of money, raised and army... Augustus: Those who assassinated my father I drove into exile..... Tacitus: Cassius and Brutus died because Octavian had inherited a feud against them Augustus: The dictatorship offered to me... by the people and by the Senate... I refused to accept... Tacitus: Soon both consuls... had met their deaths...

What Hellenistic cultural imports flourished in Rome?

Correct Answers: Cult of Isis, Stoicism Incorrect Answers: Ptolemaic government, maniple

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Julius Caesar's rise to power.

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus first formed A TRIUMVATE together and asserted that their goal was to RESTORE THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. After Crassus died, Pompey was elected consul and began to challenge Caesar, who remained in GAUL. Caesar responded by threatening ROME and beating Pompey's forces in Greece, which enabled Caesar to take sole control of the empire.

Match each political figure to the social class he was born into.

Caesar: Patrician Pompey: Plebeian

Why did the early Roman Republic expand so quickly?

Correct Answers: Rome used the Latin Right to integrate new territory into the republic. Rome required that new territories supply soldiers for the Roman Army. Incorrect Answers: Rome offered benefits like indoor plumbing to newly conquered people. Rome slaughtered all the male residents of cities it conquered.

What problems were the Gracchi brothers' reforms meant to address?

Correct Answers: Unemployment and anger among plebeians A shortage of soldiers Incorrect Answers: Decreasing patrician power Woman's increasing independence and power.

How did Julius Caesar consolidate Roman influence in Hispania and Gaul?

Correct Answers: He gave Roman citizenship to the residents of Gaul and Hispania. He settled Roman army veterans in Gaul and Hispania. Incorrect Answers: He annexed them using diplomacy and trade, not violence. He constructed coliseums for gladiatorial contests in Gaul and Hispania.

What did Augustus do to promote and protect the mos maiorum?

Correct Answers: He instituted laws to promote marriage and increase childbearing. He prohibited the worship of foreign deities. Incorrect Answers: He constructed a wall across northern England. He assumed the title and responsibilities of a king.

What political rights did plebeians have by the time the Punic Wars began in 264 B.C.E.?

Correct answers: The assembly could make laws without Senate approval. They could hold elected office. Incorrect answers: They did not have to do manual labor. They no longer had to serve in the military.

How did Marius change the structure of Roman society and government?

Correct answers: He demonstrated the path from military service to consulship. He opened military service to the landless poor. Incorrect answers: He established the new position of rex, or king. He abolished slavery in Rome.

Romans lauded Cincinnatus as a hero. Which of his qualities did they consider heroic?

Correct answers: He was an able military leader. He was reluctant to wield power. Incorrect answers: He avoided marriage and fatherhood. He was a successful merchant.

The balance of power between men and women shifted somewhat in the second century B.C.E. What legal rights did Roman women gain?

Correct answers: Married women could seek divorce. Married women controlled their own property. Incorrect Answers: Married women could serve as tribunes and consuls. Married women could vote for tribunes.

Roman slaves had diverse life experiences. Which descriptions fit the lives of most Roman slaves?

Correct answers: performed agricultural labor subjected to violent treatment Incorrect answers: rose to prominence for their skill lived in cities

As it established more organized control over its vast territory, what sort of services did the Roman government provide to its urban residents?

Correct answers: police forces and fire brigades public drinking water roads and bridges Incorrect answers: free public schools

Identify the statements that describe Roman visual arts during the Principate.

Correct answers: As Rome grew, Roman artists copied artworks from Greece, Egypt, and western Asia that were brought back by the army. Encouraged by the patronage of Augustus, Roman artists developed their own style. Incorrect Answers: Roman artists were known for their use of muted and neutral colors. Roman artists had no unique style of their own, so instead they copied the works of artists from Greece, Egypt, and western Asia.

Identify the people who made up the plebeian classes.

Correct answers: Urban poor Farmers and artisans Merchants Incorrect answers: Descendants of famous founders

What Roman values did the story about the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus communicate?

Correct: Kings are inherently corrupt. A woman's duty is to remain chaste. Incorrect: Women are generally dishonorable and dishonest. Farming is an honest and noble profession.

How did growing slave populations affect free Romans?

Correct: Urban plebeian laborers competed for work against unpaid slave labor. Women whose families owned slaves had time for intellectual and social activities. Incorrect: Patricians competed against the giant slave population for political influence. Plebeians competed against slaves for positions in the Roman military.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the military in republican Rome.

Each Roman soldier was part of a MANIPLE, a flexible and specialized group of 120 fighters. At times when it needed fast, decisive military leadership, the Roman Republic replaced its two elected CONSULS with a single DICTATOR.

Who were the tribunes?

Elected officials whose job was to protect the interest of the plebeians

Roman identity centered on a respect for innovation and cultural liberalism.

False

The Pax Romana refers to a time of peace and tranquility between Romans of different social classes.

False

The Punic Wars lasted sixteen years.

False

Augustus held the title princeps, which means "king," or "emperor."

False.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how Augustus changed Roman government to address the needs of the huge territory he ruled.

For example, he extended centralized influence over the economy by introducing a new SYSTEM OF COINAGE. He bureaucratized the SYSTEM OF TAX COLLECTION by installing his own representatives and paying them set salaries. He also recorded information about the empire's population by conducting a CENSUS.

What names would Hector and his youngest sister use if they lived in ancient Rome?

His name would be Hector Paul Sleepy, and his youngest sister would be Paula Tertia.

Which of these practices best illustrate the core Roman idea of patria potestas?

In the early republic, a man could kill his wife and children for dishonoring him.

The Greek author Plutarch described the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra. Match each quotation from Plutarch with its meaning.

Instead of addressing his political situation.....: "At night he stood at people's doors and made fun of people inside," Cleopatra used her charisma to manipulate Antony, not her beauty: "It was not because her beauty in itself was so striking, but the attractiveness in the persuasiveness of her talk," Because she was multilingual, Cleopatra often conversed with visitors to her court in their native language: "She turned her tongue like a many stringed instrument expertly to whatever language she chose," Antony was disloyal and easily distracted from his political ambitions: "While his wife Fulvia was carrying on the war in Rome against Octavion on his behalf, Antony was carried of by Cleopatra to Alexandria,"

Place these events that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic in chronological order.

Latins crossed the Apls and settled along the Tiber river. Etruscans had a confederation of city-states in north-central Italy. Early Romans negotiated an important set of agreements with their neighbors, called the Latin Right. Romans expanded their territory and replaced their king with two elected consuls. The Law of the Twelve Tables turned custom into law, which eventually improved life for plebeians.

The grounds for Augusts' Principate were laid by successive leaders. Match each precedent with the individual who first did it.

Marius: Military success and popularity among the plebeians can lead to consulship. Caesar: If a leader holds multiple official titles at once, he can act like a king without being called "king." Sulla: A powerful general can use the army to force the civilian leadership to do his will.

Match each event or city to the correct location by dragging the label to the correct arrow.

Mauretania / Numidia Arrow: City of Carthage Athens / Macedonia Arrow: Octavian defeated Cleopatra and Antony Arrow closest to Syria: Judean revolt crushed Alexandria, Egypt Arrow: Cleopatra's hometown

To address the needs of its growing empire, Rome developed a complex legal system and a legal philosophy that identified three categories of law. Match each category with the characteristics that describe it.

Natural law: This extension of Stoic thought includes the idea that all human beings are inherently equal. Civil law: This was the law of the Roman Empire, including Senate statutes, imperial decrees, and ancient custom. Law of nations: This type of law protected property and addressed contracts for Romans and foreigners alike.

How did Octavian establish the Principate? Put the following events in chronological order.

Octavian wanted to claim power and avenge Caesar's death, but Mark Antony and other rivals stood in his way. After fighting one another in Gaul, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed a triumvirate and avenged Caesar's death. Octavion considered Antony, who ruled Egypt beside Cleopatra, to be a threat to his power. Octavian's forced defeated Egypt's navy at Actium, making Egypt a Roman province. His rival defeated, Octavian took multiple titles but insisted that he was not a king.

Roman authors both critiqued and praised roman values and behavior. Identify each passage as either praise or critique.

Paise: Virgil, Polybius Critique: Sallust

What does res publica mean?

Public things.

Who killed Julius Caesar, and why?

Roman senators, including Brutus and Gaius Cassius, killed him because they believed he was trying to make himself king.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the effects of Roman imperialism on its citizen-soldiers.

Rome required that its soldiers be LANDHOLDERS. They were also required to serve for YEARS. As a result of their absence from home, many soldiers lost their land to local aristocrats, who amassed property into giant PLANTATIONS called latifundia.

Which statement best describes the relationship between the Roman government and its foreign territories?

Rome used political rights, urban planning, and resettlement to integrate conquered peoples into the Roman Empire.

Which events or people were part of the legendary founding of Rome, rather than from the historical record of the Roman past?

Romulus and Remus Early Romans abducted Sabine wives. Aeneas of Troy Incorrect: Ancient Greeks settled in southern Italy and Sicily.

Place the following events of Roman territorial expansion in chronological order.

Settlements in the region around Rome developed a set of agreements called the Latin Right, establishing rules about trade, intermarriage, and free migration between cities. Rome extended citizenship rights to men in newly acquired territories, while also requiring military service. This grew the Roman army. Between 201 B.C.E. and 44 B.C.E., Rome gained control of Carthaginian territory, modern-day Spain and France, plus Hellenistic lands in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Gracchi brothers attempted to address growing inequalities through land reforms and price controls.

Following the Punic Wars and the expansion of Roman territory and wealth, Romans starkly disagreed with one another about changes in Roman culture.

True

Unlike the mythical Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans were real people whose practices influenced Roman development.

True

What developments laid the groundwork for Julius Caesar's eventual control of Rome? Place the events in chronological order.

The Punic Wars began. Roman conquest of the eastern Mediterranean changed the Roman culture and economy. In Sicily, 70,000 enslaved people rose in rebellion against a Roman army. The Gracchi attempted to enact political and land reforms. Marius' reforms shifted soldiers' loyalties from the state to their own commanders.

During the Punic Wars, the Hellenistic kingdoms aided Carthage in its contest with Rome. What does this suggest about the conflict?

The wars were a regional Mediterranean power struggle.

Examine this map of the Roman Empire. Which two broad regions were unified by the Roman Empire?

Western Europe and the Hellenistic world

What portion of the population were plebeians in the early Roman Republic?

almost 98%.

What kind of government controlled the Roman Republic?

oligarchy

Along with Augustus, Octavian held multiple other titles, giving himself the powers of a king without the controversial title. Match each of Octavian's other titles with what it communicated about him

pater patriae: Head of the Roman "family" pontifex maximum: honored the patron deities of the state. imperator: military leader princeps: citizen, like other men