Chapter 5 Module 7

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. Bill will never bathe the dog again.

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate? Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear? Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.

Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? The dogs seemed to enjoy the food. The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times. The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________. instrumental learning observational learning classical conditioning habituation

classical conditioning

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response. classical counterconditioned conditioned emotional positively reinforced negatively reinforced

conditioned emotional

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________. blocking conditioned taste-aversion operant taste conditioning noncontingent conditioning

conditioned taste-aversion

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on? partial reinforcement interval reinforcement continuous reinforcement ratio reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________. can potentially reinforce or punish behavior do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever do not inherently satisfy physical needs only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise

do not inherently satisfy physical needs

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________. acquisition testing extinction spontaneous recovery

extinction

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio

fixed interval

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? fixed interval variable ratio variable interval fixed ratio

fixed ratio

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. food praise money attention

food

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that's _________. voluntary; involuntary involuntary; voluntary operant; instrumental instrumental; classical

involuntary; voluntary

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________. it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent

it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning vicarious learning cognitive learning

operant conditioning

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning biofeedback theory social learning theory

operant conditioning

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________. operant conditioning classical conditioning effective based learning spontaneous recovery

operant conditioning

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A's on her tests? gradual reinforcement sporadic reinforcement continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement

partial reinforcement

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example? punisher positive reinforcer negative reinforcer conditioned response

positive reinforcer

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. primary negative positive secondary

primary

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? if it is a primary reinforcer if it is a positive reinforcer if it is a negative reinforcer regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response. reinforcement the Law of Negative Effect conditional emotional linkages a long time delay

reinforcement

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________. counterconditioning instinctive drift spontaneous recovery stimulus discrimination

spontaneous recovery

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred. behavior modification stimulus discrimination extinction stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________. stimulus generalization generalization gradient stimulus discrimination discrimination gradient

stimulus generalization

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________. the metronome was not a distinctive sound the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement? variable interval fixed ratio fixed interval interval ratio

variable interval