Chapter 5

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which statement that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of out group homogeneity?

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries... if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."

Lo Sass and colleagues (2011) studied pay disquiet between men and women and found that new female physicians in New York state averaged about ____ less pay than their male counterparts.

$17,000

103. Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on the automatic nature of stereotypes?

Exposure to stereotype content influences subsequent judgments for both high and low prejudiced individuals

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviors performed by members of group A. They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviors performed by members of group B. Which pattern of results is most likely?

Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviors

Which factor does NOT contribute to the out-group homogeneity effect

In-group members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the out-group

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which scenario best demonstrates modern racism?

Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.

Which statement best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes

Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this manner.

Both Jorge and Jocelyn are applying for two residencies after medical school: orthopedic surgery (a traditionally male-dominated residency) and pediatrics (a traditionally female-dominated residency). If Jorge and Jocelyn have similar academic records, it is likely that

Jorge will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jocelyn will get more pediatric interviews

Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes

Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/AfricanAmerican names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with youngersounding names than vice versa.

Fein and Spencer (1997) conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be either Jewish or non-Jewish. Which statement about this study is false?

Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men) over another, are most accurately termed

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, are most accurately termed

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramie is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which condition is Ramie most likely to perform poorly on the test?

Ramie is asked to indicate her sex at the beginning of the test.

Which of the following was not an argument of Devine's (1989) early work on the automatic activation of stereotypes?

Stereotype activation is automatic, but stereotypes cannot influence judgments without conscious intent.

Which statement concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false

Super ordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Place three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

Which statement describes an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.

. Research on stereotype threat suggests that under performance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.

104. Whose judgments are least likely to be influenced by automatic stereotype activation?

a non-sexist person exposed to the label "woman"

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), black students who received positive interpersonal feedback from a white student experienced ____ if there was suspicion that the feedback had been received due to race.

a reduction in self-esteem

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

a. people tend to process out group faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.

74. According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

as a means of increasing self-esteem.

Which goal is an example of a super ordinate goal

athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team

The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one's sincere, fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and their largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, is called ____ racism.

aversive

Germane Alexander's (2003) research on children's sex-based preferences for toys indicates that, in addition to being affected by socialization, such preferences are affected by

b. prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

Minimal groups are groups

based on trivial distinctions of minor importance

System-justifying beliefs are

be held by groups in power

Imagine a person high in implicit prejudice having to interact with a person of a different race in a laboratory setting over several meetings. Research by Page-Gould and others (2008) suggests that for this individual, cortical levels will

be highest at the first meeting and decrease over time

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

beliefs or associations about a social group.

Which of the following is not an indicator of discrimination?

believing baby-faced men are harmless

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as ____ sexism.

benevolent

When teachers were asked how they would respond to misbehavior in their class, Okonofua and Eberhardt (2015) found that a second incidence of behavior elicited stronger responses from teachers if the student was

black

Research by Bodenhausen (1990) on the cognitive functioning of "morning people" vs. "night people" demonstrates that the influence of stereotypes depends on the

cognitive resources available to the preceiver

Shortly after 9/11/01, even though a bitterly contested election had recently occurred, many Americans put aside their political differences in reaction to the national tragedy that occurred that day, viewing "American" as their primary identity rather than Republican or Democrat. This change is consistent with what the ____ proposes is necessary to reduce prejudice.

common in group identity model

The stereotype content model groups stereotypes along the two dimensions of

competence and warmth

. The tendency to interpret, seek, and create information that is consistent with pre-existing expectations is called the ____ bias.

confirmation

You think all professors are a bit nerdy and have abstract interests. You find out that your social psychology professor can sing the theme song to any television show that aired in the 1970s or 1980s, and is also fluent in the Star Trek language of Kingdom. You believe that your stereotype has been confirmed by this professor. This is an example of

confirmation bias

Stigmatized targets are at increased risk for

d. long-term physical and mental health problems.

Which factor increases the probability of automatic activation of stereotypes

d. subliminal exposure to prejudicial messages

Lash on is an African-American student who believes that intelligence is fixed. Persuading him that intelligence is malleable may

decrease his tendency to experience stereotype threat

When Nazi propaganda depicted Jewish individuals as "disease spreading rats," it was an attempt to solidify prejudice and hatred against that group through the use of

dehumanizing

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other. Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will

develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner

Subtyping is least likely when confronted with a group member who

deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions

Dr. Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students. He does not give them as much of his attention, is less willing to make appointments to give them help, and spends less time reading and making comments on their papers. Dr. Charles is engaging in ____ toward his African American students.

discrimination

89. All port and Postman's (1947) study using a photograph of a subway car demonstrated how racial stereotypes

distort social perception and memory

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by

eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from targets.

Stereotypes appear to bias perceptions

even when we do not endorse them

Knowing that an ingroup friend has a close relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits. This is called the ____ effect

extended contact

Not wanting to appear prejudiced to others is a(n) ____ motivation to control prejudiced responses and behaviors.

externally driven

Social categorization is advantageous because it

frees up cognitive resources

According to social role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing basis for

gender stereotypes

Stankiewicz and Roselle (2008) found that about ____ of advertisements depicting women featured them as sex objects.

half

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly—and belligerently—compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts

Which experimental procedure would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be LEAST likely to use?

having African Americans complete an athletic task

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as

higher in competence but lower in social skills.

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009) exposed participants to the faces of unfamiliar people who were of the same race as the participants but who were either ingroup (attending the same university) or outgroup (attending a rival university) members. They found that, compared to faces of outgroup members, faces of ingroup members were processed more

holistically

Negative and resentful feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as ____ sexism

hostile

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

identify what men and women should be like

Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a stand-up comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the normal population. This demonstrates a. a contrast effect

illusory correlation

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from

illusory correlations

. Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called ____ racism.

implicit

Research on the jigsaw method has found that jigsaw classrooms saw a(n)

improvement in minority group and maintenance of test scores for the majority group

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity are called ____, and groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity are called ____.

in-groups, out-groups

Being asked to think about one's mortality tends to

increase in-group bias

41. All of the following result from social categorization EXCEPT an

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotypes

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

inter-group hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, ____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices ____ effectively over time.

internally; more

118. A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts is called the

jigsaw classroom

Research indicates that white individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can

lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.

Cross-cultural research indicates that people from collectivist cultures are ____ likely to boost their self-esteem through enhancing their ingroups and ____ likely to draw sharp distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures.

less; more

According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

low in warmth and low in competence

In the aftermath of the Amado Dialog shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence that a suspect's race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The results of these studies suggest that

mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes.

Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that

mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism

Although he does not intend to behave in a racist manner, Mark says to his Korean-American classmate during a study session, "You speak such good English". This seeming compliment best illustrates the idea of

micro aggression

12. A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

modern racism

Zone just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zone just received will cause her to judge Alec more ____, making her feel ____ about herself.

negatively; better

One possible explanation for the failure of school desegregation to promote better racial relations is that it was

often carried out without supportive social norms

Research on age and stereotype suppression indicates that

older individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than younger individuals

44. The belief that "they're all the same" best epitomizes the

out group homogeneity effect

Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross over-generalizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Buffy's thinking best illustrates

out group homogeneity effect

The tendency to perceive members of an out group as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the in group, is called the

out group homogeneity effect

Social categorization leads people to

overestimate differences between groups

Research on stereotype threat implies that females at an all-girls school may ____ in mathematics than females at a mixed-sex school.

perform better

Adelphi was watching a series of commercials in which women were portrayed as having relatively low selfconfidence, less independence, and fewer career aspirations than men do. As a result, Adelphi will probably ____ than women who watched commercials portraying women in counter-stereotypical fashion

perform worse on a math test

a meta stereotype refers to

person's thoughts about the stereotypes out group members might hold about their own group.

Linley is trying to reduce racism by having children of different races work on projects together. Each student is given information critical to the project and has to collaborate with their different-race group members by sharing that information to earn a good grade on the project. The classroom norms are supportive of cross-race interaction. Which condition is essential to the success of the contact hypothesis is missing?

personal interaction

111. Which condition is not deemed ideal for contact to serve as a treatment for racism?

pleasant environmental conditions

Pluck's (2009) field experiment in Rwanda in which civilians listened to a radio soap opera demonstrates the

potential influence of media on shaping norms related to inter group relations

55. Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are LEAST likely to

prefer to live in a racially and socially equal society

Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers. Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer, she immediately feels a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living. This is an example of

prejudice

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called

prejudice

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

prejudice can result from inter-group competition.

Payne (2001) was among the first to conduct research into the "shooter bias." He found that participants were more likely to mistake a harmless weapon for a gun if the image was preceded by a picture of a black face than it was if it was preceded by a white face. This shows the influence of ____ on our interpretation of stimuli in our environments.

priming

65. One conclusion that can be drawn from the Robbers Cave study is that

propaganda is not a particularly effective means of eliminating group conflict.

What process does the Common In group Identity Model emphasize

re-categorization

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

realistic conflict theory

18. Implicit racism is correlated with ____ for interactions with a minority group member.

reduced eye contact

James is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. James' dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

relative deprivation

99. Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype

serves to protect the stereotype from change

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of

stereotype

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting ____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting ____.

stereotyping; discrimination

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

stigmatized

. Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because the

students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact

You think all professors are uncoordinated, but then you see your social psychology professor make a diving catch down the left-field line at an intramural softball game against the Arts Department team. You also notice that your professor hits lead-off for the team and is able to score from second base on a ground-out. You maintain your original stereotype of professors as uncoordinated by deciding that this one individual is an exception to the rule because he is a "young professor." This is an example of

sub-typing

A method of presenting material so faintly and rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to it is called ____ presentation.

subliminal

Palma thinks that all gay men have a superior fashion sense. She knows that her chemistry professor is gay, and notices that he is not a particularly snappy dresser. She rationalizes this by saying, "Well, he's a gay professor—they don't know how to dress that well." This is an example of how

subtyping can lead to stereotype perpetuation

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is said to be

super ordinate

Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrate how

super ordinate goals can reduce prejudice

People can counter the potentially negative effects of stereotype activation by

taking the perspective of a member of the stereotyped group

67. Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

the conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East

Mr. Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at his elementary school. Before the minority students arrive, Mr. Belding puts up posters showing children of all nationalities holding hands. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group's success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of

the contact hypothesis

The idea that, under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most consistent with

the contact hypothesis

Socio cultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

the effects of priming

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.

87. All of the following are mechanisms that perpetuate stereotypes except

the jigsaw classroom

Which part of the brain is likely to show greater activation when you see an unfamiliar person who is described as a member of your ingroup as opposed to being a member of an outgroup?

the orbit frontal cortex

Tilcsik (2011) sent pairs of resumes in response to 1,800 job postings. The resumes were nearly identical, except that one mentioned that the job candidate volunteered for a gay campus organization. The results of this study showed that

the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.

Kashima and others (2013) had Australian students transmit a story about a football player from one person to the next. Their results indicated that as the story went from person to person,

the stereotype-inconsistent information was eventually weeded out.

According to social role theory, gender differences in social behavior are magnified by

the unequal gender-based division of labor.

Research on stereotype threat indicates that

they can be attenuated by expressing positive expectations of the potential targets

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be INCREASED when the groups are placed in a situation where

they compete against one another

In-group members are believed to display the out-group homogeneity effect because

they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup

A study by Goff, Steele, and Davies (2008) found that white male students sat farther away from black students than from other white students, but only when

they thought the discussions would involve racially sensitive topics.

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to

think that all cheerleaders are happy

Ambivalent sexism consists of ____ elements

two

Research by Album, et al. (2008) indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the acknowledgment of race

unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation

Hightower is a new recruit in the police academy, and is about to begin his very first day of training with a computer simulation task in which Caucasian and African-American men are portrayed holding ambiguous, weapon-like objects. Research on race and the perceptions of police officers would predict that Hightower

would have a bias that was consistent with racial stereotypes