Chapter 5- Organizational Behavior
stressors
The demands that cause people to experience stress.
strains
The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources.
financial uncertainty
This type of stressor refers to conditions that create uncertainties with regard to the loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay expenses.
Type A Behavior Pattern
Type A people have a strong sense of time urgency and tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile.
negative life events
a number of life events that are perceived as quite stressful
work-family conflict
a special form of role conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands of a family role or vice versa
time pressure
a strong sense that the amount of time you have to do a task is not quite enough.
personal development
activities include participation in formal education programs, music lessons, sports related training, hobby-related self education, participation in local government, or volunteer work.
positive life events
are sources of nonwork challenge stressors.
burnout
can be denied as the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis.
secondary appraisal
center on the issue of how people cope with various stressors they face.
behavioral coping
involves the set of physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation.
One type of strain-reducing practice
involves training in relaxation techniques, such progressive muscle relaxation, meditation and miscellaneous calming activities like talking walks, writing in a journal, and deep breathing
Stress
is defined as a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources.
social support
it refers to the help that people receive when they're confronted with stressful demands ,and there are at least two major types.
benign job demands
job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful
stress audit
managers can begin by asking themselves questions about the nature of the jobs in their organization to estimate whether high stress levels may be a problem.
Hindrance stressors such as role ambiguity, conflict, and overload
not only cause strain, but also decrease commitment and job performance.
primary appraisal
occurs as people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressor they're confronting.
role overload
occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles effectively.
A second way that organizations
provide resources to employees so that they can cope more effectively is through supportive practices that help employees manages and balance the demands that exist in the different roles they have.
Family time demands
refer to the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities.
role ambiguity
refers to a lack of information about what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role.
problem-solving coping
refers to behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself.
role conflict
refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have of us.
Coping
refers to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands
work complexity
refers to the degree to which the requirements of the work--in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities--tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing the work.
emotional support
refers to the help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands.
instrumental support
refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly.
work responsibility
refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others.
daily hassles
refers to the relatively minor day-to-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish.
emotion-focused coping
refers to the various ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands
Psychological strains
result from stressors include depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, reduce self-confidence, irritability, inability to think clearly, forgetfulness, lack of creativity, memory loss, and (not surprising, given the rest of the list) a loss of sense of humor.
One type of work-related hindrance stressor is
role conflict
hindrance stressors
stressful demands that people tend to perceive as hindering their progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment.
challenge stressors
stressful demands that people tend to perceive as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement.
Physiological strains
that result from stressors occur in at least four systems of the human body.
transactional theory of stress
the theory explains how stressors are perceive and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals.
Although challenge stressors can be exhausting,
they often trigger positive emotions such as pride and enthusiasm
One way that organizations provide resources to employees is through
training interventions aimed at increasing job-related competencies and skills.