Chapter 5: Personality & Values: All Sections

What is the MBTI?

The MBTI, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, is a personality test consisting of 100 questions that determines one's personality type. It taps into 4 characteristics and classifies someone into 1 of the 16 personality types.

Define power distance as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Define uncertainty avoidance as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

Define masculinity as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors to additional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Define long-term orientation as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Define short-term orientation as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.

Define femininity as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Define personality.

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. The way they act with and react to other people and their surroundings.

What kind of personality characteristics does a investigative person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Analytical, original, curious, independent.

Define heredity.

Heredity is the aspects or factors that shape a person into who they are. These aspects/factors are determined at birth by one's genetic sequence.

What does GLOBE stand for?

Global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness.

What is person-group fit important in?

Team settings, where the dynamics of team interaction significantly affect work outcomes.

Describe how the situation affects whether personality predicts behavior.

Together, situation strength and trait activation theories show that the debate over nature versus nurture might best be framed as nature and nurture. Not only does each affect behavior, but they interact with one another. Put another way, personality and the situation both affect work behavior, but when the situation is right, the power of personality to predict behavior is even higher.

What are the 4 elements of the situation strength theory?

1. Clarity 2. Consistency 3. Constraints 4. Consequences

What are the 5 basic aspects of personality?

1. Conscientiousness 2. Emotional Stability 3. Extraversion 4. Openness to Experience 5. Agreeableness

What are the 4 characteristics of the MBTI?

1. Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I) 2. Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N) 3. Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F) 4. Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P)

What are the 3 traits of the Dark Triad?

1. Machiavellianism (Mach) 2. Narcissism 3. Psychopathy

What are the 5 value dimensions of Greet Hofstede's Framework?

1. Power distance 2. Individualism versus collectivism 3. Masculinity versus femininity 4. Uncertainty avoidance 5. Long-term versus short-term orientation

Define collectivism as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

What are the 6 personality types according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

1. Realistic (prefers physical activities, that require scale, strength, and coordination.) 2. Investigative (prefers activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding.) 3. Social (prefers activities that involve helping and developing others.) 4. Conventional (prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities.) 5. Enterprising (prefers verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence in attain power.) 6. Artistic (prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression.)

What is the Dark Triad?

A collection of negative personality traits.

Define terminal values.

A desirable end-states of existence; the goals, a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Define value system.

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values in terms of their intensity. Values tend to be relatively stable and enduring.

What are observer rating surveys?

A observer rating survey is a survey that you take with an observer in the room. They can be your peers, employer, etc.

What is the Big Five Model?

A personality test that describes the 5 basic aspects of personality.

What is the GLOBE framework?

A research program that investigates cross-cultures of leadership and national culture.

What is a self-report survey?

A self-report survey is a survey that one takes to evaluate themselves on a series of factors.

What is the situation strength theory?

A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation. Researchers have analyzed situation strength in organizations in terms of 4 elements.

What is John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

A theory that identifies 6 personality types, and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

What is person-organization fit?

A theory that people are attracted to and so I did buy organizations that match their values, and believe when there is no compatibility.

Which of the following is an instrumental value? A. Personal discipline. B. Social recognition. C. Economic success. D. World peace.

A. Personal discipline

Define individualism as apart of Hofstede's Framework.

An attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than members of groups.

Define self monitoring.

And individuals, ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors. Evidence indicates that high self monitors pay closer attention to the behavior of others, and are more capable of conforming than are low self monitors.

Which trait is a positive trait? Approach or avoidance?

Approach.

What do values often underline and explain?

Attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions.

What are some examples of instrumental values?

Autonomy and self-reliance, personal discipline, kindness, and goal orientation.

Which trait is a negative trait? Approach or avoidance?

Avoidance.

Which of the following does the hereditary approach state? A. An individuals personality is determined by the social background one is brought up in. B. An individuals personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. C. And individuals personality is influenced by the economic settings one surrounded by. D. A person's personality traits are created by the company one keeps. (for example: friends and family.)

B. An individuals personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.

Define values.

Basic convictions that a specific mode of contact or end-state existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite,, or converse mode, conduct,, or end state of existence. Values contain a judgmental element, because they carry in individuals ideas about what is right, good, or desirable. They have both content and intensity attributes.

Why is person-supervisor fit research important?

Because poor fit in this dimension can lead to lower job satisfaction and reduce performance.

__________ is as important for managers as for front-line employees and, among all Big Five Model traits, is most consistently related to job performance. A. Extroversion. B. Agreeableness. C. Conscientiousness. D. Emotional stability.

C. Conscientiousness.

Which of the following is true of values? A. They are void of a judgmental element. B. They are invariably fluid and flexible in nature. C. They have content and intensity attributes. D. They never change irrespective of external factors.

C. They have content and intensity attributes.

Define personality traits.

Characteristics that describe someone's behavior; how they act. The more consistent a trait is, the easier it is to determine one's personality.

Define core self evaluation.

Conclusions one has about their capabilities, competent, and worse. People with positive CSE's like themselves, and see themselves as worthy and in control of their surroundings. People with negative CSE's tend to dislike and question themselves.

What kind of personality characteristics does a conventional person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible.

What personality characteristics predict job search behaviors among the unemployed?

Conscientiousness and extraversion. Self-esteem and self-efficacy are also important.

Individual scoring ___________ have a strong ability to adjust behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations. A. High in internal locus of control. B. High on narcissism. C. Low on agreeableness. D. High on self-monitoring.

D. High on self-monitoring.

Contrast terminal and instrumental values.

Each of us places value on both the ends (terminal values) and the means (instrumental values). A balance between the two is important, as is an understanding of how to strike this balance.

How do Hofstede's five value dimensions and the GLOBE framework differ?

Hofstede's Framework consists of 5 value dimensions. It has also "stood the test of time." The GLOBE study even confirmed this. The GLOBE framework is a research program. It doesn't have those 5 value dimensions.

What kind of personality characteristics does a artistic person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical.

Discuss how the concepts of core self-evaluation (CSE), self-monitoring, and proactive personality contribute to the understanding of personality.

In short, these personality traits predict many important organizational outcomes. However, there has been a renewed interest in how personality is related to employability, job search, and unemployment.

Describe how personality affects job search, and unemployment.

It appears as if "approach" and "avoidance" traits have an effect on job search—for example, extraversion, conscientiousness, proactive personality, and positive affect have a positive effect, whereas negative affect, hostility, and low self-esteem and self-efficacy have a negative effect. As such, it might be worthwhile to try to adopt an "approach" orientation—take the challenge head on, try to stay positive and organized, and build your network.

What is the problem with the MBTI?

It forces people into one type or another. There is no in-between. For instance, you are either an introvert or an extravert. You can also receive different results each time you take the test. So it's a possibility that it's unreliable.

Does personality explain all behavior?

No. But it does set the stage of organizational behavior and who we are.

What does personality matter to?

Organizational behavior.

What is a proactive personality?

People who identify opportunities, show, initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

What are the differences between person-job fit and person-organization fit?

Person-job fit proposes the fit between personality type and occupational environment. Whereas person-organization fit is a theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values.

How is personality measured?

Personality can be measured through personality tests or assessments. These tests/assessments can be the MBTI or the Big Five Model. They can also be measured through surveys.

What is personality the result of?

Personality is possibly the result of either heredity or environment.

Describe personality, the way it is measured, and the factors that shape it.

Personality is the way people act with and react to other people and their surroundings. We measure it by using assessments. Heredity and environmental factors shape a person's personality.

Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality framework and the Big Five model.

Personality traits have both positive and negative aspects. The degree of each trait—those in the Big Five, the Dark Triad, and others—in a person, and the combination of traits, matter a great deal to organizational outcomes.

Define instrumental values.

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values.

What are some examples of terminal values?

Prosperity and economic, success, freedom, health and well-being, world, peace, and meaning in life.

What kind of personality characteristics does a enterprising person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Self-confident, ambitious, energetics, domineering.

What kind of personality characteristics does a realistic person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, practical.

What kind of personality characteristics does a social person according to John Holland's personality-job fit theory?

Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding.

What is TAT?

TAT (Trait Activation Theory) is a theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interactions "activate" a trait more than others. Using TAT, we can predict which jobs suit certain personalities.

How can we organize values?

We can organize values into two categories: terminal and instrumental values.

What is a proactive personality important for?

Work teams.