chapter 5/6 questions

According to Adams's theory of inequity, which of the following is a strategy for restoring equity once a person establishes the existence of an inequity? -Staying in the organizational situation -Altering the person's outcomes -Rationalizing the equity -Including a hierarchy

Altering the person's outcomes

_____ may hold up well in cultures that value individualism but break down in more collectivist cultures that value cooperative efforts. -Expectancy theory -Herzberg's two-Factor theory -Equity theory -McClelland's need theory

Expectancy theory

Which of the following statements is true of eustress? -It suggests that individuals are activated by their own emotional and spiritual energy. -It suggests that an individual should manage energy rather than time. -It encourages optimism, hope, and health for people at work. -It uses lessons learned from professional athletes.

It encourages optimism, hope, and health for people at work

Which of the following statements is true of management by objectives? It is based on multiple sources of information and improves the accuracy of performance appraisals. It is used to shape behavior in a variety of organizations. It is a method to improve the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation. It emphasizes collective performance rather than individual performance.

It is a method to improve the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation.

Which of the following best defines equity theory? -It is a social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between an individual and the environment. -It is a method for delving into the unconscious mind to better understand a person's motives and needs. -It is a cognitive process theory founded on the assumption that people expect certain outcomes of behavior, which may be thought of as consequences of behavior. -It is a theory that organizes human needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth.

It is a social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between an individual and the environment

Which of the following is true of moral maturity? -It assumes that individuals are totally rational. -It is necessary to understand an individual's altruistic and equitable behavior. -It is the value one places on a particular reward. -It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance.

It is necessary to understand an individual's altruistic and equitable behavior.

According to the expectancy theory of motivation, which of the following best defines valence? -It is the belief that effort leads to performance. -It is the value one places on an individual's effort in a company. -It is the belief that performance is related to rewards. -It is the value one places on a particular reward.

It is the value one places on a particular reward

Which of the following is true of goal setting? It leads to increased employee engagement. It helps improve customer relations. It minimizes the need for performance evaluations. It reduces stress caused by conflicting expectations.

It reduces stress caused by conflicting expectations.

Which of the following statements is true of Jim Loehr's full engagement approach? -It encourages optimism, hope, and health for people at work. -It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance. -It focuses on an individual's interpretation of or response to events. -It helps individuals find meaning in work and display courage.

It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance.

Which of the following statements is true of Jim Loehr's full engagement approach? -It helps individuals find meaning in work and display courage. -It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance. -It encourages optimism, hope, and health for people at work. -It focuses on an individual's interpretation of or response to events.

It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance.

Which of the following statements is true of Adams's theory of inequity? -It encourages optimism, hope, and health for people at work. -It suggests that people are motivated when they find themselves in situations of unfairness. -It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance. -It suggests that individuals are activated by their own emotional and spiritual energy.

It suggests that people are motivated when they find themselves in situations of unfairness.

_____ is defined as the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior. -Reinforcement -Sefficacy -Goal setting -Motivation

Motivation

Which of the following theories of motivation emphasizes the nature of the interaction between an individual and the environment? -Process theory -External theory -Need theory -Internal theory

Process theory

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of motivation factors that contribute to job satisfaction when they are present? -Company policy and administration -Working conditions -Interpersonal relations -Recognition of achievement

Recognition of achievement

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor? -Advancement -Growth -Recognition of achievement -Technical supervision

Technical supervision

Which of the following needs was measured using the Murray Thematic Apperception Test? -The need for power -The need for safety -The need for achievement -The need for affiliation

The need for achievement

Which of the following statements is true of entitleds? -These people may be thought of as takers. -These people may be thought of as givers. -They prefer an equity ratio equal to that of their comparison other. -They are comfortable only with an equity ratio less than that of their comparison other.

These people may be thought of as takers.

In the context of demands and contributions, which of the following statements is true of contributions? -They present a challenge for pay equity. -They take care of a business even in very difficult times. -They are the basis for satisfying the demands expressed by the other party. -They include organizational goals and departmental objectives.

They are the basis for satisfying the demands expressed by the other party

In the context of demands and contributions, which of the following statements is true of contributions? -They present a challenge for pay equity. -They take care of a business even in very difficult times. -They are the basis for satisfying the demands expressed by the other party. -They include organizational goals and departmental objectives.

They are the basis for satisfying the demands expressed by the other party.

Which of the following is true of goal-setting programs? They are not mechanical by nature. They are useful tools for a large, diverse workforce. They are not easy to implement in stable, predictable industrial settings. They are very useful in small, unpredictable organizations.

They are useful tools for a large, diverse workforce.

In the context of Amitai Etzioni's categories of exchange relationship, which of the following statements is true of committed relationships? -They have low positive intensity. -They have high negative intensity. -They have high positive intensity. -They have low negative intensity.

They have high positive intensity.

Which of the following statements is true of motivation factors? -They include technical supervision and interpersonal relations with one's supervisor. -They cannot stimulate psychological growth or human development. -They are unrelated to the drive to achieve and do excellent work. -They improve a worker's effort and performance.

They improve a worker's effort and performance

Which of the following statements is true of motivation factors? -They are unrelated to the drive to achieve and do excellent work. -They include technical supervision and interpersonal relations with one's supervisor. -They cannot stimulate psychological growth or human development. -They improve a worker's effort and performance.

They improve a worker's effort and performance.

According to McClelland, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement? -They always prefer to work alone irrespective of their task. -They like to receive feedback on their progress toward their goals. -They set goals that are very simple and easily achievable. -They like having external events interfere with their progress.

They like to receive feedback on their progress toward their goals

According to McClelland, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement? They like to receive feedback on their progress toward their goals. They set goals that are very simple and easily achievable. They always prefer to work alone irrespective of their task. They like having external events interfere with their progress.

They like to receive feedback on their progress toward their goals.

Security is the most important need for people in cultures with: -self-actualization as the pinnacle need. -behaviors based on egocentric motivations. -a high need to avoid uncertainty. -morally mature people.

a high need to avoid uncertainty.

According to Adams's theory of inequity, which of the following is a strategy for restoring equity once a person establishes the existence of an inequity? Staying in the organizational situation Rationalizing the equity Altering the person's outcomes Including a hierarchy

altering the person's outcome

According to Amitai Etzioni's categories of exchange relationships, business partnerships and commercial deals are examples of _____. -apathetic relationships -committed relationships -calculated relationships -alienated relationships

calculated relationships

According to Amitai Etzioni's categories of exchange relationships, business partnerships and commercial deals are examples of _____. -calculated relationships -apathetic relationships -committed relationships -alienated relationships

calculated relationships

A(n) _____ individual prefers an equity ratio equal to that of his or her comparison other. -equity sensitive -benevolent -inequity sensitive -entitled

equity sensitive

Clayton Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a(n) _____ category. relatedness need manifest need existence need growth need

existence

Clayton Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a(n) _____ category. -relatedness need -manifest need -existence need -growth need

existence need

_____ may hold up well in cultures that value individualism but break down in more collectivist cultures that value cooperative efforts. Expectancy theory Equity theory Herzberg's two-Factor theory McClelland's need theory

expectancy theory

Jim Loehr's _____ approach suggests that individuals do not need to be activated by unmet needs but are already activated by their own physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual energy. -equity sensitive -full engagement -distress -eustress

full engagement

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled as _____. -situational factors -motivation factors -risk factors -hygiene factors

hygiene factors

According to the expectancy theory of motivation, _____ is the belief that performance is related to rewards. -equity -instrumentality -expectancy -valence

instrumentality

A benevolent is an individual who: -prefers to be over-benefitted. -is comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of his or her comparison other. -prefers an equity ratio equal to that of his or her comparison other. -is comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of his or her comparison other.

is comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of his or her comparison other

Frederick Herzberg identified _____ as responsibility, achievement, recognition, advancement, and the work itself. -risk factors -motivation factors -situational factors -hygiene factors

motivation factors

Clayton Alderfer classified Maslow's interpersonal safety, love, and interpersonal esteem needs as _____. -relatedness needs -existence needs -manifest needs -growth needs

relatedness needs

According to the Scottish political economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith, employees are most productive when motivated by _____. -self-interest -self-discipline -government policies -religion

self-interest

Maslow's need hierarchy focuses on: -the need for achievement, power, and affiliation. -employees motivated by higher-order needs. -specifying people's internal needs. -organizing human needs into categories of existence and growth.

specifying people's internal needs.

The need for power is a manifest need: -to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people. -that concerns excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties. -to feel a sense of belonging within a social group. -that concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life.

that concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life

_____ rests on a direct link between performance and rewards. The power of earning The planning component Task-specific self-efficacy External attribution

the power or earning

McGregor's _____ assumes that people are by nature indolent, so they work as little as possible. Theory Y Theory X two-factor theory

theory x