chapter 6

what are some of the lifestyle factors that can reduce risk for developing atherosclerosis?

- Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least 5 days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure each day can help people achieve and maintain healthy body weights -Taking these steps can also reduce blood LDL and triglyceride levels and raise blood HDL levels

_____ is a rich source of MUFAs

- Olive oil

- _______ are unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond • Trans fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on ________ • More ____at room temperature than cis fatty acids

- trans fats - opposite sides of hydrocarbon chain -solid

a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule • Alpha-linolenic acid

Omega‒3 fatty acid

a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule Linoleic acid

Omega‒6 fatty acid

- LDL that has been damaged by free radicals and contributes to atherosclerosis

Oxidized LDL

the digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Pancreatic lipase

chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol

Plant sterols and stanols

• Compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption, which reduces the amount of cholesterol absorbed

Plant sterols and stanols

• fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

- Long-chain fatty acid absorption requires ____

additional steps

dietary mangement of gallstones

eat smaller, more frequent meals and avoid high- fat meals

- a hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group

fatty acid

what are the foods that are rich in PUFAs and MUFAs?

fish, nuts, vegetable oil

- hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

gallstones

- HDL is "____" cholesterol, conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver, where they can be processed and eliminated - Does not contribute to plaque formation

good

partial hydrogenation increases the risk of

heart disease

Elevated LDL is strongly linked to _______

increased risk of CVD

Low HDL is linked to ______

increased risk of CVD

5 to 10% of total calories (11 to 22 g linoleic acid for a 2000-kcal diet)

linoleic acid

a class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

lipids

what dissolves in organic solvents

lipids

water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices

micelle

- Long-chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins pack together in _____

miscelles

what are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease ?

o Diabetes mellitus o Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) o Excess body fat o Hypertension o Physical inactivity o Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke o Unhealthy diet o Untreated sleep apnea

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

o Family history of CVD (especially before 60 years of age) o Increasing age o Male sex o Race/ethnic background

_____ is less dense than water, so it will rise to the top of a solution

oil

- the end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group

omega (methyl) end

partial hydrogenation can be stored for longer periods of time because they are less likely to undergo ______

oxidation

transports cholesterol into the arterial lining

oxidized LDL

the food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats

partial hydrogenation

the majority of the lipid absoprtion occurs in the ____

small intestine

- class of prescription drugs that interfere with liver's metabolism of cholesterol, reducing LDL and triglycerides

statins

if lifestyle changes do not work?

statins and zetia

- .6 to 1.2% of total calories (1 to 3 g alpha-linolenic acid for a 2000-kcal diet)

Alpha-linolenic acid

______transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal

HDL

to the liver for disposal

HDL

hold oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

foam cells

a three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids

glycerol

- a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

hydrocarbon chain

- According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should emphasize foods that are rich ______

in PUFAs and MUFAs

water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

lipoprotiens

- In 2015, FDA determined that ______ pose a health risk and the agency banned their use in foods o Ban goes into effect in 2018

partially hydrogenated oils

a type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus

phospholipid

Less than 10% of total calories (22 g saturated fat for a 2000-kcal diet)

saturated fat

a fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms

saturated fatty acid ( SFA)

- a hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

secretin

- a drug that inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol, lowering LDL levels

zetia

enzymes that break down lipids

lipases

what are the ways to reduce the risks of developing CVD?

-Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat -Limit trans fat intake as much as possible -Eat fewer solid fats, especially foods made with partially hydrogenated oils, such as stick margarine -Eat 8 ounces of seafood (fish and shellfish)/week -Supplies beneficial long-chain omega-3 fatty acids like DHA -Eat foods that are rich sources of fiber, particularly soluble fiber - Consume less alcohol

the process of atherosclerosis

1. a healthy artery has a smooth lining 2. lining of the arteries become irriated, certain cells within the arterial wall deposit cholesterol and other substances under the lining to repair the damage. this process results in arterial plaque 3. plaque roughens the normally smooth surface of the arterial lining, which slows the blood flow through the area, making a clot more likely to form 4. if clot lodges on the plaque and becomes wedged in the lumen of the artery, blood flow through the artery can be blocked completely

a lipoprotein made in the liver that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

gallstones can form in the _____

bladder

As little as possible while consuming a healthy diet

cholesterol

a lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D

cholesterol

gallstones usually consist of

cholesterol

- Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are ___fatty acids • Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on ____

cis same side of hydrocarbon chain

in Astherosclerosis injured arterial lining becomes ____ WBC become laden with _______ arterial plaque

-flamed -oxidized LDL particles

lipid digestion and absoprtion summary

1. stomach - only minor digestion of fat takes place in the stomach 2.liver- produces bile, whihc is stored in the gall bladder and released through the bile duct into the small intestine. bile aids in the lipid digestion and absoprtion by emulsifying lipids in digestive juices 3. pancreas- pancreas secretesa mixture of enzymes, including lipase, into the small intestine 4.small intestine - small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of the lipids. once absorbed, long chain fatty acids are packaged for transport through the lymph and bloodstream 5. anus - less than 5% of undigested fat is normally excreted in the feces

- Americans consume about ____ of their total daily energy from saturated fat, _____ from monounsaturated fat, and ____ from polyunsaturated fats

11% 12% 8%

o AMDR for total fat is ______

20 to 35%

average cholesterol consumption is _____mg/day for males and mg/day for females

325 229

fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids

Essential fatty acids

impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid weight loss

Fat malabsorption

what are the three major classes of lipids?

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids

a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues to the liver to be eliminated

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

transports cholesterol to cells for their use

LDL

o a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissue

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

• fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain

Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

_____a fatty buildup in the artery, forms, interfering with circulation - Clots more likely to form

arterial plaque

- When the arterial lining is injured, a cascade of events begins, resulting in _______

atherosclerosis

- LDL is "______" cholesterol, conveys lipid to tissue -Small, dense LDL contributes more to atherosclerosis

bad

partial hydrogenation raises " ____" cholesterol levels in blood

bad

a component of bile; aid in lipid digestion Emulsification

bile salts

an organic molecule with a carboxyl (-cooh) group

carboxylic acid

- 20 to 35% of total calories (45 to 75 g total fat for a 2000-kcal diet)

total fat

Keep intake as low as possible

trans fat

a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

triglyceride

• Comprises 95% of lipids infood and the human body

triglycerides

Most triglycerides contain a mixture of _____ • One type of fatty acid predominates

unsaturated and saturated fatty acids

a fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain

unsaturated fatty acid

- Liquid corn oil contains a greater proportion of ______

unsaturated than saturated fatty acids

short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse into the absorptive cells of the _____, which enter into the capillary network

vili

When micelles come close to ____, their contents diffuse into absorptive cells

villi

The body uses fats and other lipids to:

• Absorb fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals • Cushion the body against bumps and blows • Form and maintain cell membranes • Form body contours • Insulate the body against cold temperatures • Produce steroid hormones • Provide and store energy (triglycerides)