Chapter 6

Identify the beneficial aspects of alcohol. (Check all that apply.)

* Alcohol tastes pleasant for most people. * Moderate use of alcohol helps to make food even more savory than it ordinarily is.

Identify the effects of alcohol. (Check all that apply.)

* It disorganizes and impairs the ability of the brain to process and use information. * It retards many functions and activities of the central nervous system. * It causes the body to shut down if the dose is too high.

Identify the factors that mitigate the effects of alcohol on drinkers. (Check all that apply.)

* Sex or gender of the drinkers * The speed with which one drinks * The presence of food and water in the stomach

Which of the following are trends identified by NSDUH's 2016 survey on alcohol use in the United States? (Check all that apply.) Note: NSDUH = National Survey on Drug Use and Health

* Underage alcohol use has substantially declined over the course of the past nearly four decades. * For young adults age 18-25, the corresponding last-month figures of alcohol use declined from 76 percent in 1979 to 57 percent in 2016.

Identify the level of blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) at which even the most experienced drinkers tend to exhibit impairment in motor coordination.

0.10

What amount of "absolute" alcohol consumed in less than an hour will result in a blood-alcohol concentration of roughly 0.05 percent in a person of average size?

1 ounce

Identify a characteristic of blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) level of drivers that is linked to car accidents.

A BAC level of 0.02 doubles the likelihood of a fatal accident.

What do criminologists and epidemiologists mean when they say that alcohol and violence are related?

Drinkers have higher rates of criminal violence than nondrinkers.

Identify a true statement about the overall assessment of alcohol consumption.

For most societies, moderate consumption of alcohol has proven far more beneficial than harmful.

Identify an accurate statement about nicotine.

It can be lethal if injected directly into the bloodstream.

Identify an accurate statement about the rule of equivalency.

It denies that different drinks, independent of their alcohol content, have different levels of potency.

Which of the following is true about the prohibition on the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 21 in the United States?

It has led to a decline in alcohol-related highway fatalities among drivers in the 16- to 20-year-old age range.

Identify an impact of nicotine on users.

It inhibits the stomach contractions that are associated with hunger.

Which of the following statements are true about Craig MacAndrew and Robert Edgerton's cognitive guidedness approach to alcohol-related violence? (Check all that apply.)

It is based on the factor of cultural context.

Identify a beneficial consequence of the nationwide prohibition on the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 21.

It led to a decline in alcohol-related highway fatalities among drivers in the 16- to 20-year-old age range.

Identify the effect of a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of .05 percent in a person's body.

It produces a mild euphoria in most people.

Identify the principal psychoactive drug in tobacco.

Nicotine

Identify a generalization about the relationship between alcohol and drug use.

People who drink alcohol are more likely to use illegal drugs than people who do not drink.

Identify the favorite method of tobacco consumption in the United States today.

Smoking cigarettes

Identify the most influential document in the history of the tobacco industry.

The Surgeon General's Report

Identify a true statement about the trends in cigarette smoking during the last half-century in the United States.

The volume of cigarette smoking was cut down by 75 percent.

Identify an accurate statement about smokers.

They are much more likely to die a premature death than nonsmokers are.

Identify the drug that is used most frequently by smokers in the United States.

Tobacco

Identify the latest estimate issued by the federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

Tobacco is by far the country's number one drug menace.

Identify the most widely used drug in existence, almost omnipresent the world over.

alcohol

The size of a drinker influences blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) because _____.

alcohol registers its impact via the bloodstream

Craig MacAndrew and Robert Edgerton's cognitive guidedness approach to alcohol-related violence maintains that _____.

alcohol's effects are influenced or mediated by cultural norms that dictate that specific forms of behavior are appropriate under the influence, while other forms are defined as completely unacceptable

From the point of view of good health, smoking should _____.

decline to the zero point

Alcohol is a _____.

depressant

According to the _____ hypothesis, being under the influence is the key mechanism causing the levels of alcohol to co-vary with risky, deviant behavior.

disinhibition

According to a data from dozens of studies gathered in 16 countries, injuries in _____ were significantly more likely to involve alcohol impairment than in any other setting.

bars

True or false: Most people who drink alcohol also use illegal drugs.

false

True or false: Nowadays, smoking radiates an aura of sexiness, glamour, and charisma.

false

A noticeable acute effect of cigarette smoking is that, in substantial doses, it can cause shortness of breath because _____.

it releases carbon monoxide, which reduces the body's supply of oxygen to the blood

In the context of its impacts on smokers, an accurate statement about nicotine is that it _____.

narrows the blood vessels

In 2015, Americans age 15 or older consumed an average of 2.32 gallons of absolute alcohol per person per year. This figure is called "apparent" alcohol consumption because _____.

not every drop of the alcohol purchased is necessarily drunk during a given year

According to the disinhibition hypothesis for varying relationship between heavy drinking and violent behavior, alcohol causes risky, deviant behavior because _____.

one of alcohol's effects is a release from the inhibition that result from normative constraints on dangerous acts

According to Richard Klein, the popularity of smoking will increase in the future because _____.

puffing a lethal substance offers a dangerous attractiveness

The principle which states that the effects of alcohol are determined principally by the volume of absolute alcohol that is drunk rather than the type of drink itself is called the _____.

rule of equivalency

In the area of alcohol-related harm, more research has been conducted on _____ than any other type of victimization.

sexual misconduct

The relationship between alcohol abuse and risky, deviant behavior is _____.

strongly contingent on drinking locales or contexts

According to the _____ hypothesis, alcohol abuse and engaging in risky behavior are related because they are effects of a common cause.

susceptibility

The Surgeon General's Report argued that _____.

the use of tobacco products represents a serious health hazard to smokers

Identify a characteristic associated with nicotine.

The short-term effects of small doses of nicotine are fairly mild and transient.

Identify the generalization about alcohol consumption and the sexual victimization of women as concluded by Maria Testa.

Alcohol intoxication increases the likelihood that women will be sexually victimized.

Identify an accurate characteristic associated with the consumption of alcohol.

All drinkers experience a loss of motor skills at a certain point at a fairly low blood-alcohol concentration.

Identify a true statement about the relationship between alcohol and violence as identified by criminologists and epidemiologists.

The more that someone drinks, the greater the likelihood that he or she will inflict violence on another person.

Identify an indication of nicotine's addicting or dependency-producing properties.

The nicotine level in a smoker's body rises during and immediately after smoking.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which of the following statements is true of alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United States in 2011?

The percentage of alcohol-related highway fatalities has declined by 57 percent since 1991.

Which of the following is true of alcohol?

The process of manufacturing alcohol is simple and basic.

Identify the hypothesis that states that alcohol abuse and risky behavior feed back into and fuel each other.

The reciprocal hypothesis