chapter 6

The ____ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that helps regulate the body.

Circadian

waves are a type of brain activity that dominates N3 sleep.

Delta

are images, thoughts, and feelings experienced during sleep.

Dreams

When are full-blown dreams LESS common?

During non-REM sleep

True or false: All sleep loss can be replenished.

False

True or false: Nicotine is classified as a depressant drug.

False

Which describes a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention and suggestibility?

Hypnosis

Your friend has just gone to a therapist and tells you that the therapist is trying to help her stop smoking by putting her in a trancelike state. What technique is the therapist using?

Hypnosis

Sleep deprivation has which of the following effects on mental health?

Increased anxiety Increased depression Increased paranoia

is a sleep difficulty characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested.

Insomnia

How does REM sleep change across the life span?

It declines rapidly.

(abbreviation) refers to quick movements of the eye that occur during sleep.

REM

Non- sleep is the second major form of sleep.

REM

Which of the following represents the quick movements of the eye that occur during sleep?

REM

If you have a vivid, detailed and very active dream, most likely that occurred in

REM sleep.

is a sleeping disorder characterized by brief pauses in breathing during sleep. It may cause disruption in the sleep cycle, leading to daytime fatigue.

Sleep apnea

______ is a sleep difficulty characterized by activities occurring during non-REM sleep that usually occur when one is awake, such as eating.

Sleep walking

When we enter this stage of sleep, our brain waves change to theta waves.

Stage 1

What category of drug is caffeine?

Stimulant

What category of drug is nicotine?

Stimulant

What part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythms?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

attention is compromised during multitasking.

Sustained

Research shows that sleep promotes learning in infants.

True

True or false: Each stage of sleep is characterized by different types of brain wave patterns.

True

Preconscious is a term used to refer to material that is ______ but not available.

accessible

Stimulants ____ the nervous system.

activate

Which of the following are often used to treat narcolepsy?

amphetamines

is the limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control.

attention

Alcohol is a ____ and is widely used.

depressant

slow down the central nervous system.

depressants

You might be sleep ____ if you need an extra alarm clock to wake up, if you sleep longer on the weekends than weekdays, or if you fall asleep during lectures.

deprived

Most individuals ____ numerous times each night, and are loosely connected by unusual associations.

dream

According to ____ ____ theory, consciousness is a place where we temporarily attend to information at hand or information we deem important.

global workspace

A drug that is capable of producing pronounced changes in perception is a(n)

hallucinogens

Over life span development, ____ spend the most amount of time in REM sleep.

infants

Michael cannot fall asleep and at times it takes more than 20 minutes to fall asleep, he also has trouble staying asleep. Michael is showing signs of

insomnia

Participants with no previous meditation experience completed 8 weeks of mindfulness meditation training. At the end of the training, researchers observed significant increases in EEG activity in which region of the brains of participants?

left frontal cortex

If you were interested in improving your stress level, you might try

meditation.

Sleep appears to be crucial for learning, primarily because it affects

memory.

A coma is considered a ____ state of consciousness.

minimal

Because of a medical condition, some people cannot prevent themselves from falling asleep, especially in stressful situations. They may be described as having

narcolepsy.

occur when a person, often a child, wakes suddenly in a terrified state from sleep.

night terror

Waking suddenly in a terrified state from one's sleep and is often incoherent when speaking suggests

night terrors.

Dreams during ____ sleep are less detailed, less active, and more like regular thinking.

non-REM or NREM

Hallucinogens produces changes in

perception

When the retina senses light in the morning, the ____ gland decreases the amount of melatonin it releases.

pineal

According to Freud, the ____ (preconscious/unconscious) is a part of the mind that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness.

preconscious

A ____ drug is any substance that is naturally occurring or synthesized that produces a change in your conscious experience.

psychoactive

Any substance that is naturally occurring or synthesized that produces a change in your conscious experience is a

psychoactive drug.

One study linked meditation-related changes in brain activity with ____ performance in attentional tasks.

quicker

Often times we focus on singular features while ignoring other features. This is an example of ____ attention.

selective

attention is the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others.

selective

Consciousness is the general term for being aware of the ______ that one is experiencing.

sensations, thoughts and feelings

occurs when a person gets out of bed during sleep.

sleepwalking

Theta waves are ____ than alpha waves.

slower or lower

Caffeine is considered a ____ drug.

stimulant

The classification of ____ drugs means that their main function is to increase the activity in the central nervous system.

stimulant

When you are multitasking, you compromise the amount of _____ you can provide to each task.

sustained attention

Maintaining a specific focus of attention on a particular task is called

sustained attention.

The type of attention that requires you to stay focused on a task and to have a high degree of concentration is

sustained.

Global workspace theory suggests that we ____ attend to information at hand.

temporarily

When our brain waves are in the ____ waves activity, one would be in stage one of sleep.

theta

is the aspect of consciousness that is the degree of alertness, resulting from whether a person is awake or asleep.

wakefulness

Circadian cycles last about ____ hours.

24

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

3

What percentage of adults in the United States suffer from sleep deprivation?

40%

____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is relaxed and drowsy whereas ____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is awake.

Alpha, Beta

_____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is awake whereas _____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is relaxed and drowsy.

Beta; alpha

refers to the wide variety of practices that people use to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention and enhance awareness.

Meditation

Every day at 9:30 pm Heather begins to get drowsy and very relaxed. Heather's body has most likely increased her production of which chemical?

Melatonin

is a hormone that plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness.

Melatonin

is a heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind.

Mindfulness

meditation encourages attention to the details of momentary experience, such as all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations available in the moment.

Mindfulness

Which sleep stage is characterized by sleep spindles?

N2

A deeper sleep, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" is

N2.

The deepest stages of sleep is now referred to as

N3

You are in class and your professor falls asleep in the middle of her lecture. When she wakes, she apologizes and says she has a sleep disorder. What disorder does she probably have?

Narcolepsy

Which of the following is considered a stimulant?

Nicotine

sleep is a form of sleep with few eye movements, which are slow rather than fast.

Non-REM

What structure decreases the amount of melatonin it releases in response to light in the morning?

Pineal gland

waves are the pattern of brain activity during N1 sleep.

Theta

The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is considered

awareness.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus has been linked to

circadian rhythm.

An experience of a loss of consciousness by which a person is unresponsive and not woken up as if there were sleeping is called a(n)

coma.

is the general term for awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced.

consciousness

Sleep ____ represents the amount of sleep our brains owe our bodies.

debt

Sleeping longer on the weekends is one way to repay sleep ____ accumulated during the week.

debt