Chapter 6

True or False: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

True

True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

True

True or false: Motivational force equals zero if any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is zero

True

Match the source of self-efficacy (at left) with its description (at right)

Verbal persussion- Sam enrolls in an MBA program because his wife and parents have convinced him that he can succeed 2. emotional cues- Sam is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after an absence of almost ten years, so he's unsure that he'll succeed in an MBA program. 3. past accomplishments- Sam earned a 3.9 GPA in his undergraduate program, and that boisters his confidence that he'll do well in graduate school. 4. Vicarious experiences - Sam's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and he recommended the program enthusiastically.

Which elements of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable?

achievable

One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?

self-determination

Even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. It appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?

self-efficacy

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new thins and answer their dilemmas. These plans are known by what term.

task strategies

Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______________ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ____________ behaviors

citizenship; counterproductive

Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of

cognitive distortion.

Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing?

company equity

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

Tyler works in customer service for a large financial services firm but wans to ultimately work as financial analyst, so he is taking advantage of training opportunities at work and seeking challenging assignments that can enhance his skills. Tyler is attempting to build which dimension of psychological empowerment?

competence

A(n) ____________ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

Employee ___________________ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.

engagemet

Janys has just learned that her coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns more than she does. According to equity theory, what will Janys experience?

equity distress

The theory of motivation that suggest that motivation depends on an individual's perception of his or her life and what occurs in lives of others is known as _________________ theory

equity theory

An individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

Since Jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing mangers in other, similar-sized companies. Jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position?

external comparisons

Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. This is an example of which type of moderator on task performance?

feedback

"Money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where I want." This statement emphasizes the dimension of ____________ in the symbolic value of money.

freedom

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

When people feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress, they experience what form of psychological empowerment?

impact

Kelli believes that if she does well on the next test, she will earn an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "I don't get it, "she said, "I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do! " Krystal would be described as having low_____________ according to expectancy theory.

instrumentality

What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?

intensity

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ________________ forces in motivation.

internal

Peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. She feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. This is an example of which element of psychological empowerment?

meaningfulness

Direction, intensity, and _______________ are the components of motivation that contributes to an employee's work.

persistence

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

Alexis owns an executive search firm and has established each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S. M. A. R. T. goals?

1. Specific 2. measurable 3. time-sensitive

Which of the following would likely be characterized as intrinsic motivations?

1. Tiana is auditing a psychology course at the community college because she finds the subject fascinating. 2. Bob takes as many cooking classes as he can find because he loves to cook.

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

1. assignment of an ambiguous goal 2. lack of confidence

Which of the following is the element of a S.M.A.R.T. goal that establishes when the objective or goal should be completed?

time-sensitive

Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?

a recognition a salary increase

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away negative ones?

expectancy theory

Which of the following needs would likely be labeled as "relatedness" needs?

1. Friendship 2. romantic attachments 3. affection

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom.

1. self-efficacy 2. specific, difficult goals 3. Increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perception of equity

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

1. skills 2. experience