Chapter 6 Anatomy & Physiology Integumentary System

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about ______ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ______ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about ______ month following their formation.

2 2 1

Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. True or False

True or False

The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.

epidermal appendages

To reduce the likelihood of skin cancer, people should use sunscreen regularly and avoid ______.

prolonged exposure to the sun

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.

corneum; granulosum; spinosum

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ______ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

palms, inside, palmar, or palm soles, bottom, pads, or palm

The epidermis of thick skin ranges between ______ millimeters thick.

0.4 and 0.6

______ glands are also called sweat glands.

Sudoriferous

Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin. True or False

True or False

Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.

cholecalciferol

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ______.

collagen

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

corneum

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.

dead

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.

deep; collagen fibers

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.

hemoglobin

When ______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.

hemoglobin

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

living; dead

In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.

lucidum

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.

papillary

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

sensory nerve

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin.

simple, coiled, and tubular

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

The epidermis of thin skin ranges in thickness from ______ millimeters to ______ millimeters thick

0.075; 0.150

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

3-5

True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.

False Reason: The palms and soles do not have hair.

True or false: There are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer.

False Reason: The reticular layer is deep and the papillary layer is superficial.

In the development of embryonic skin, the ______ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.

basal mesenchyme

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

body; edge

Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.

dendritic

The two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the ______ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the ______.

epidermis; dermis

First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

epidermis; redness

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.

exocytosis

Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as ______.

fingerprints

A mild sunburn with no blistering is an example of a ______-degree burn.

first

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______ , the process of keratinization begins.

granulosum

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

keratin

Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.

keratinization

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called ______ .

keratinocytes, keratin

periderm

layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium

mesenchyme

layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D? spleen liver thymus kidney skin adrenal glands

liver kidney skin

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.

melanocytes

Thermoregulation is a major function of ______ sweat glands.

merocrine

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

merocrine sweat glands

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ and ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

proteins; lipids

The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular; subcutaneous

The substances that make sweat feel gritty are water ______ and ______.

salts; urea

Fibrous tissue is also known as ______ tissue.

scar

Apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands

simple, coiled, and tubular

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of epidermal ______ in the epidermis and the relative ______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

strata or layers thickness or thinness

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ______.

thermoregulation

The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.

thick skin

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ______ , colorations, and skin markings.

thickness or thinness

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a(n) ______.

pilus

Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. True or False

True or False

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.

dendritic

The skin is best described as ______.

water resistant

vernix caseosa

waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during ______.

puberty

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.

spinosum

Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ______ and ______.

texture; pigmentation

The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called

transpiration

The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

corneum

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ______ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

dehydration or infection

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

eleidin Reason: The cells in the stratum lucidum do not yet contain fully formed keratin.

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.

exocrine

True or false: The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

True

True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

True Reason: This spiny appearance is how the layer got its name.

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

merocrine; apocrine

During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus or nuclei

he main function of melanin pigment is to protect the __________ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

nucleus, nuclei, or DNA

Sunscreen usage reduces the likelihood of ______.

skin cancer

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? spinosum granulosum corneum basale lucidum

spinosum granulosum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

stratum corneum

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

sweat ducts; hair follicles

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ______ glands and ______ glands.

sweat; sebaceous

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.

tactile cells

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

4

______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.

Sebum

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging? The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness. Beginning in middle age, reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis results in thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma. As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity. Chronic overexposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging as well as increase the risk of skin cancer.

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

______ covers most of the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Thin

______ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

True or false: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.

True

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called

epidermal dendritic cells.

Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. True or False

True or False