Chapter 6 Education

Standards-based reform gave rise to the proposals that American schools adopt ______.

common core

The primary purpose of the ______ school was to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people in the early twentieth century.

comprehensive high

In the 1920s, classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational education were all housed under one roof. This was known as ______

comprehensive high school

ADHD is a biological disorder with a strong

genetic component -damage to the brain either prenatally -smoking or drinking -shortly after birth -birth complications or low birth rate -prefrontal crotex -synaptic pruning of this region occurs slower -more sensitive to rewards

Educators normally favor

mainstreaming over special need separation -gifted students have a more positive academic self conception than those assigned to special classes -downside is comparison

Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.)

misbehave engage in substance use

Schools have been asked to add

"socioemotional learning" to their curriculum -to stimulate the growth of social skills, self reliance, and self management

Gifted students

-130 or higher on an intelligence test

Comprehensive High School

-1920s -designed to prepare adolescents for family and leisure as well as work

Many large schools are divided into schools within schools

-Advantage: leads to the development of a more positive social environment -negative: schools may inadvertently create "schools" within one school that vary considerably in their education quality

Pros + Cons of tracking

-abilitiy group allows teachers to design class lesson that are more finely tuned to students abilities -students in remedial receive a different and worse education -tracking affects friendships -discriminate against poor and ethnic minority students

Education in the Inner Cities

-acheivement gap between white and nonwhite grew wider during 1990s especially in large urban school districts -race gab in achievement is nearly as large now as it was in the 1960s -10% of HS in the US produce 1/2 of the countries dropouts -1/3 of black and Latino students attend one of the dropout factories

Learning disability

-actual performance is signitifanctly poorer than expected performance -difficulty with academic tasks can't be erased to an emotional problem

Who is more likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence?

-boys -ethnic minorities -students from poor families -students who transition to a school with less minorities (lower grades + more absences)

Ethnic composition

-brown vs board of education

school climate + bullying

-bullying is more likely to occur in schools where teachers are unsupportive and harsh, school climate is disorderly, and where students are not treated with respect -experts reccomend that schools implement evidence-based anti bullying programs -provide referrals for mental health services to both victims and bullies -provide training to school personnel in the identification and prevention of bullying -adopt and publicize policies that make it easier for students and parents to report bullying -investigate reported or suspected bullying promptly

Variations in class size

-classroom size doesn't really make a different -dont affect students scholastic achievement once they reach adolescence -small classes benefit young elementary school children (up until third grade) who may need more individualized instruction -adolescents in classes with 40 learn just as much as those with 20

Mixing ability groups is worse than

-conventially tracked school -or in a school where ability grouping is not used

Effects of desegregation

-desegregation has supringlinly little impact on the achiment of either minority or white -minority self esteem higher when they attend high school where they are the majority -mixing low and high income students, low income students do worse

Standards Based Reform

-dominated the past four decades -focues on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermine set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests -educators haven't been able to agree on the body knowledge and skills

Experts recommend that adolescents with LD receive

-extra instruction in study skills -time management -organization skills -note taking -proofreading -may need help with increasing motiviation -social and emotional difficulties -coping with fear or that they might be failures

Alternatives to public schools

-forcing schools to compete for students -students' test scores higher in private schools -3% homeschooled -adolescents who are homeschool with weak religious ties are 3x more likely to be behind their grade lvlil and only 1/2 as likely to participate in extracurricular actives

Smaller classes are more effective for

-highly individualized instruction or tutoring -remedial classes

Disengaging from school

-increases risk of developing behavior problems -remaining connected to school protects against some of the harmful effects of poor family relationships

1920 curricular reform

-intellectual training + way to prepare the youth for modern life -school reformers argued that education should be more practical and include preparation for work and citizenship

How secondary schools differ from elementary school

-jr high schools are larger and less personal -teachers less likely to trust their student and more likely to emphasize discipline -creates a mismatch between teacher and student -teachers in jr also tend to be more likely to believe that students' abilities are fixed and not easily modified through instruction - this interferes with student achievement -these teachers are less likely than other teachers to feel less confident

Teaching similar to authoritative parenting

-lack of clarity and organization = indulgent and indifferent

Is bigger better?

-larger schools can offer more varied curriculum -no its not -students performance and interest in school improve when their schools are made less bureaucratic and more intimate -students achieve more when they attend schools that create a cohesive sense of community -students' attachment is weaker in larger schools

No Child Left Behind

-mandates that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency -required that schools create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and by reporting the results of students' performance to the public -schools that continued to fail would have funding taken away and might be forced to close

Age Grouping and School Transitions

-mid school created toward the end of the 20th century -more achievement is done when middle school is not separated from elementary and high school

Cross ethnic friendships

-more common in males than females -males most likely to be friends because of sports -black boys tough and cool -black girls loud and assertive

Adaptation to changing schools

-most youngsters successfully adapt to changing schools especially when other aspects of their life - family and peer relationships remain stable and supportive -when the new school environment is well suited for adolescents

How do reformers think you can fix inner city schools?

-must change the entire context in which inner-city children live -not merely what goes on in their schools

Problems of overcrowding

-nearly 15% of us secondary schools are overcrowed -at least 6% larger than the school was designed to house -8% severely overcrowded. 25% -in big cities, 1/3 of public schools are overcrowded -schools with more than 50% ethnic minority schoolsded especially likely to be overcrowded -achiemvent is lower in overcrowding because of stress on students and teachers

Mainstreaming for ID

-negative psychological affect -more likely to have poor peer relations -less likely to particupate in extracurricular -more likely to drop out of school

Individual differences in the extent of transitional problems

-not all students experience the same degree of stress -more problems before hand = harder transition -cascading effects -start off bad --> end up worse -start of good --> end up better -more friends before transition = adapt better to new environment -students who were doing poor, adjust better if they enroll in a different school than their friends

Research on school size

-participation in extracurricular activities rather than classroom achievement -larger schools, students more often tend to be observers than participants in school actives

JR teachers differ from elementary school

-people who become JR aren't that different -problem is beaureaucratic organization and anonymity of JR HS have a negative effect on the teachers who work in them -students are more engaged in school when teachers are more engaged in their work

ADHD

-persistent and imparting symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and or hyperactivity -three subtypes ; predominantly inattentive 30-40% predominantly hyperactive few than 5% or combined between 50-60%

NCLB problems

-problematic -states complained they did not have the resources to conduct the mandated assessments or to respond to failing students -too much focus on tests took away from what goes on in the classroom -wont promote teachings of self-control, persistence, and determination -critical thinking -some stated that it encouraged schools to kick low performing students out

Researchers do not agree whether the drop in academic motivation and achievement that occurs after elementary school is due to

-school transition itself -or the nature of the difference between elementary school

Transitioning

-school transitions temporary

School reform: Past + Present

-schools are also potentially important tools of social intervention because it is through schools that the greatest number of young people can be most easily reached -study of schools is important to social scientists and policy makers who are interested in influencing adolescent development

School + Classroom size

-schools became larger over the 20th century

Effects of rapidly expanding economy

-seen in the tenements and slums of America's cities : poor housing, overcrowded, neighborhoods, crime -social reformers wanted to improve living conditions for the masses -social reformers envisioned education as means of improving the lives of the poor and working classes

Compulsory secondary education

-some saw compuslorary education as means of social control -for immigration - to show foreign-born immigrants the American way of life -by 1915, widespread acceptance

Effects of tracking on student achievement

-some studies find the effects are mixed an small in magnitude -others find it has some + and - effects - generally, tracking is + for high end students, - for low end, and negligible for students in the middle

ADHD treatment

-stimulant medication -ritalin -methylphenidite and amphetamines -stimulant medication helpful in 70% of cases -antidepressents (bupropion) Wellbutrin

Best classroom climate for adolescents

-students achieve and are engaged more in school when they attend schools that are responsive and demanding -mainly by strengthening their engagement in class -students and teachers are more satisfied din classes that combine a moderate degree of structure with high student involvement and high teacher support -classes that are too task oriented make students anxious, uninterested and unhappy

Ethnicity

-students have weak attachment to their school than when schools draw directly from the local community - students feel more engaged,safer, less lonely, and less harassed in relatively more diverse multiethnic schools than in multiethnic schools that are less balanced -being in a minority in school can lead to depression and substance use

On the wrong track

-students in different tracks have markedly different opportunities to learn -more advanced tracks: more likely to engage in classroom activities that emphasize critical thinking, more positive influence on school achievement, and on ultimate educational attainment -tracking has the effect of maintaining income inequality

Strengths of small schools

-students in small schools are more likely to report doing things that help them develop their skills and abilities, allow them to work closely with others, and make them feel needed and important

Non biased tracking

-students' ability has a stronger influence than their background on initial track placement -middle class and white students initially placed in lower tracks are more likely to be moved into higher ones -adolescents from "well off" families more frequently consult their parents

Individuals with ADHD

-substance abuse -behavior problems -difficulty in delay of gratificaition -anxiety problematic peer relations -obsity -depression

Students who do the best during transition are those who have

-supportive parents and teahcers -possible to enhance low income students by targeting parents with interventions

Pros and cons of segregation for i.d

-tailored to meet specific needs of students and can target educational and professional resources in a cost effective way -can lead to social isolation and stigma

Teach expectation + student performance

-teacher expectation often create "self-fulfilling prophecies" that ultimately influence how their students behave -teacher expectations have long term impact on student achievement, lowering the performance of students whose teachers perceive them as less capable than they actually are -children from poor families particularly vulnerable benefit when expectations are high

Students do their best when

-teachers spend a high proportion of time on lessons, begin and end on time, provide clear feedback, and ample praise -cooperation between students rather than competition

Inner city school kids experience

-very negative school transition -self esteem, achievement, perception of school environment, reports of social support, and participation in extracurricular activities

High ability students

-within classroom ability group rates their expectation for achievement and raises their teachers evaluations of them -opposite for low ability

Students in lower track

-worst teachers -exert less effort -short end of the educational stick

5 key aspects of school organization

1. school and classroom size 2. age grouping and school transitions 3. tracking 4. ethnic composition 5. public vs. private schools

Why has school reform failed in so many urban schools?

1.concentration of poverty in many inner city communities has produced a population of students with an array of personal and situational problems -1/5 of HS students across the country carry a gun, knife, or club -inner city schools affected by huge administrative beautacies -students in urban schools report a less sense of belong which leads to disengagement and poor achievement -erosion of job opportunities in inner cities communities has left many students with little incentive to remain in school or to devote a great deal of effort to academic pursuits

In a national survey of American secondary public school students, 1 out of every ______ students has been a victim of violence in or around school.

1/4

learning disabilities

1/5 school aged children

Among 8th graders in the United States, 61% of Asian students and 43% of White students are proficient in math, compared to ______% of Hispanic students and ______% of Black students.

19 ; 13

In 1930, about ______ of young people ages 14-17 were enrolled in secondary education.

50%

Today, more than ______% of high school students graduate on time.

80

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of zero-tolerance policies?

Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.

Progress 81% Progress Information 64 5 10 Answer Mode Multiple Select Question Your Answer incorrect According to the American Psychological Association, which of the following policies work best for dealing with student misbehavior and violence? (Select all that apply.)

Require school police officers to have training in adolescent development. Carefully train staff in how to respond to disruptive behavior. Define infractions carefully. Reserve suspension or expulsion for only the most serious disruptive behavior.

5 key aspects of school organization

The ethnic composition of schools Different approaches to age grouping Tracking Public versus private schools School and classroom size

big fish-little pond effect

The reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers. -limited to regular school. Summer programs don't seem to suffer as a consequence -being a big fish beneficial for college admissions -high ability students who attend school where student body is more diverse also have higher career aspirations, because of comparisons -they may actually learn less though

In schools in which students' peers do not value ______, students are less likely to achieve grades that match their ability.

academic success

80% of the connect between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having

accurate perceptions -20% self fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following students would be at greatest risk for social promotion?

black kid

How did "Race to the Top" compare to No Child Left Behind in terms of improving high school student achievement?

both equally effective

Scores on standardized achievement tests don't decline during this same time...drops in grades may be more a reflection of

changes in grading practices and student motivation than in students' knowledge

Nicholas feels a lack of connection to his school. His mother just found out that he has skipped three days in one week. When she confronts Nicholas, he tells her, "I'm just not into it. It's boring. I don't like my teachers. The work is stupid." Nicholas' comments are an example of (emotional/cognitive) Input Field 1 of 1 cognitive unavailable correct

cognitive

No Child Left Behind required that schools ______.

create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public

Educators pointed out that standardized tests under No Child Left Behind could not assess Input Field 1 of 2 critical unavailable correct

critical thinking

dyscalculia

difficulty with math

Middle school students attending more personal, less departmentalized schools , or schools where they are more involved...

do better than their peers in more rigid and more anonymous schools

Which of the following best describes cascading effects?

either positive or negative

students' academic motivation, school engagement, and school grades drop as they move from

elementary into middle or jr high school

Quinton has started feeling disconnected from school. As a result, Quinton has been skipping school. Feeling disconnected to school is an example of ______ disengagement, whereas skipping school is an example of ______ disengagement.

emotional/behavioral

In a small school, chances are that most students

eventually find themselves on a team, student government, or in extracurricular activities -more likely to hold a position of leadership

Within classroom ability grouping

exposes students in different groups to different levels of educational quality

True or false: In most American high schools, the prevailing peer culture emphasizes academic success as a route toward status and popularity.

false

Due to neglect of inner-city schools, just 10% of the high schools in the United States produce ______ of the country's dropouts.

half

There is no evidence that the rates of student victimization are

higher in larger rates -although victimization is less likely in schools where the teacher student ratio is lower -perhaps because it is easier for schools to establish and enforce norms about how to behave

Dylexia

impairment of the ability to read or spelling

What caused the rise of secondary education?

industrialization, urbanization, and immigration -Social reformers concerned about children in the workplace -new laws which kept children out of the workforce

During the late nineteenth century, social reformers expressed concerns about the dangers children faced working in factories, and labor unions sought to protect both the welfare of children and their own job security. Which historical/social trend does this primarily reflect?

industrilization

mainstreaming

integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the overall educational program

One of the strongest influences on how much students enjoy going to school

is the extent to which they feel their teachers respect and care about them -supportive but firm -high,well defined standards -better attendance, stronger future orientation, lower rates of delinquency, more supportive friendships, less disruptive behavior, and higher test scores

Changing schools is easier on students who move into small rather than

large institutions

social promotion

movieg students from one grade to the next automatically

The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.

no child left behind

School size may effect academic outcomes, it does ________

not necessarily affect students' emotional attachment to the institution or their mental health

School size especially affects the

participation of students whose grades are not very good. -academically marginal students often feel like outsiders and rarely get involved in school activities -small schools: students feel a sense of involvement and obligation equal to that of more academically successful students -ideal size of HS Is between 600-900 students -more inequalirt in students' educational experiences in larger schools where students may be sorted into tracks of differing qualities -small schools -students often exposed to the same cirriculum

Standards-based reform refers to ______.

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests

teachers may call on

poor or minority students less often than they call on white or affluent

Some experts believe that the poor performance of middle and junior high schools is due to

primarily to their failure to meet the particular developmental needs of young adolescents -example between 6th and 8th grade, students report declines in how supportive their teachers and class mates are -how much autonomy they have -how clear and fair school rules -changes in school climate create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their school provides leading many young adolescents to disengage from school

is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

student engagement

Tracking can polarize the student body into different Input Field 1 of 1 groups unavailable incorrect

subcultures

Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.)

substance abuse unintended pregnancy unemployment delinquency

students who attend private schools are

substantially less likely to report feeling unsafe, being exposed to gangs, or witnessing fighting between ethnic groups

social capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

tracking

the process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same class is called ability grouping or tracking

A good way to understand how adults want adolescents to change is to look at ______.

the ways that schools have been reformed over the years

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called

tracking

Students' self esteem drops in ________ but increases in _____

transition into middle school, increases during early high School years

One way to understand the ways in which adults want adolescents to change is to look at the

ways that schools have been reformed over the years

the most important school-related influence on learning and pyscksocial development during adolescence is

what takes place in the classroom \ -how teachers interact with students -how classroom time is used -standards and expectations