Chapter 6 Memory

Semantic memory

General facts, knowledge

Repressed memories

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Stage model of memory

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Mood congruence

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Length of sensory memories

Duration ¼ second to 3 seconds

Self-reference effect

The memory advantage for materials that have been processed in relation to the self.

Memory

the mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time.

Visual imagery

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Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting

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Encoding failure and forgetting

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Processes involved in memory

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

Cued recall and free recall tests:

Cued recall a test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue. Free recall tests recall also called recall involves producing information using no retrieval cues.

Episodic imagery

Events you have experienced

Chunking

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping items together into a single unit, or chunk.

Maintenance rehearsal vs. elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal the mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.

Procedural imagery

Motor skills, actions

Serial position effect

Tendency to have better recall of first and last items in a series

Working memory model (Baddeley)

The active, conscious manipulation of verbal or spatial information temporarily held in STM; thought to consist of: Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad, and Central executive.

Context effect

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning or the information.

TOT experience

Tip-of-the-tongue experience a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, buy being temporarily unable to retrieve it.

Alternate terms for visual and auditory sensory memories

Visual sensory memory is sometimes referred to as iconic memory, because it is the brief memory of an image, or icon. Auditory sensory memory is sometimes referred to as echoic memory, meaning a brief memory that is like an echo.

Flashbulb memory

Vivid memories perceived as accurate but actually no more accurate than ordinary memories.