Chapter 6, Microbio 44
76. Which of the following best explains how a bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health? A. Toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans. B. The entry of the prophage causes cessation of protein synthesis in human cells. C. The lysis of infected human cells results in the release of numerous phage particles. D. The entry of the prophage shuts down DNA replication in human cells.
A. Toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans.
80. After the Harters leave for the hospital, you recall the challenges and limitations researching animal viruses such as RSV. Which of the following is not utilized in the cultivation of animal viruses? A. bacterial cells B. embryonated chicken eggs C. cultured animal cells D. live animals such as mice
A. bacterial cells
4. Viruses A. cannot be seen in a light microscope. B. are prokaryotic. C. contain 70S ribosomes. D. undergo binary fission. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. cannot be seen in a light microscope.
30. Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are A. chronic latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytopathic.
A. chronic latent viruses.
14. Which of the following is not associated with every virus? A. envelope B. capsomeres C. capsid D. nucleic acid E. genome
A. envelope
25. Viruses attach to their hosts via A. host glycoproteins. B. host phospholipids. C. viral phospholipids. D. viral flagella. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. host glycoproteins.
37. Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called A. latent. B. oncogenic. C. prions. D. viroids. E. delta agents.
A. latent.
32. New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by A. lysis. B. budding. C. exocytosis. D. both lysis and budding. E. both budding and exocytosis.
A. lysis.
47. Cells grown in culture form a(n) A. monolayer. B. bilayer. C. aggregate. D. plaque. E. None of the choices is correct.
A. monolayer.
20. In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____. A. nucleus, cytoplasm B. cytoplasm, cell membrane C. cell membrane, cytoplasm D. cytoplasm, nucleus E. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
18. Viruses with _____ -sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _____ - sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message. A. positive, negative B. negative, positive C. primary, secondary D. secondary, primary E. None of the choices is correct.
A. positive, negative
74. Even though it is a bacterium, Clostridium botulinum can be made more pathogenic once infected with a(n) A. temperate phage. B. oncogene. C. plaque. D. retrovirus.
A. temperate phage.
10. Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape? A. tetrahedral B. complex C. helical D. icosahedron E. All of the choices are capsid shapes.
A. tetrahedral
50. Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes.
A. viroids.
54. The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug. B. viruses do not have specific replication cycles that can be targeted. C. viruses do not contain genetic material. D. their life cycles do not have distinctive stages.
A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug.
77. RSV disease is caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is a(n) A. DNA virus. B. RNA virus. C. prion. D. bacteriophage.
B. RNA virus.
79. Mrs. Harter questions which antibiotic will be given to treat her daughter's infection. You inform her that A. antibiotics target eukaryotic cells and do not work on viruses. B. antibiotics target bacterial cells and do not work on viruses. C. her daughter will be tested for antibiotic sensitivity before they are given for treatment. D. her daughter can be treated with any antibiotic to inactivate the virus causing
B. antibiotics target bacterial cells and do not work on viruses.
7. A(n) _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. A. capsomere B. capsid C. spike D. envelope E. monolayer
B. capsid
71. Viruses contain the necessary tools to invade and control a host cell. These tools may consist of a A. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of DNA and RNA, and enzymes. B. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA or RNA, and enzymes. C. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of RNA, capsid, and enzymes. D. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA, and enzymes.
B. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA or RNA, and enzymes.
48. A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures. A. embryo B. cell C. plaque D. bacteriophage E. egg
B. cell
31. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell? A. viral nucleic acid integrated into host DNA B. decreased growth rate C. alterations in chromosomes D. changes in cell surface molecules E. capacity to divide indefinitely
B. decreased growth rate
52. Satellite viruses are A. also called viroids. B. dependent on other viruses for replication. C. the cause of spongiform encephalopathies. D. significant pathogens of plants. E. All of the choices are correct.
B. dependent on other viruses for replication.
35. T-even phages A. include the poxviruses. B. infect Escherichia coli cells. C. enter host cells by engulfment. D. have helical capsids. E. All of the choices are correct.
B. infect Escherichia coli cells.
36. The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is A. adsorption to the host cells. B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell. C. host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins. D. assembly of nucleocapsids. E. replication of viral nucleic acid.
B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell.
44. When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called A. transformation. B. lysogenic conversion. C. viral persistence. D. transcription. E. translation.
B. lysogenic conversion.
22. Oncoviruses include all the following except A. hepatitis B virus. B. measles virus. C. papillomavirus. D. HTLV I. E. Epstein-Barr virus.
B. measles virus.
1. Viruses have all the following except A. definite shape. B. metabolism. C. genes. D. the ability to infect host cells. E. ultramicroscopic size.
B. metabolism.
29. Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are A. chronic latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytiopathic.
B. oncoviruses.
12. Viral spikes A. are always present on enveloped viruses. B. protrude from the envelope. C. block attachment between virus and host. D. are derived from host proteins. E. All of the choices are correct.
B. protrude from the envelope.
33. What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? A. sheath B. tail fibers C. nucleic acid D. capsid head E. None of the choices is correct.
B. tail fibers
73. The bacteriophage multiplication cycle is similar to that of an animal virus with the exception of uncoating. Uncoating does not occur because A. they utilize specific receptors on the bacterial surface to adsorb. B. the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid tube inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall. C. the viral nucleic acid enters the host cell through transformation. D. the virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole via endocytosis.
B. the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid tube inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall.
2. Who developed a rabies vaccine by separating bacteria from virus using a filter? A. Leewonhoek B. Koch C. Pasteur D. Cohn E. Semmelwise
C. Pasteur
40. Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called A. viroids. B. prions. C. bacteriophages. D. satellite viruses. E. All of the choices infect bacteria.
C. bacteriophages.
5. Virus capsids are made from subunits called A. envelopes. B. spikes. C. capsomeres. D. prophages. E. peplomers.
C. capsomeres.
8. One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a(n) _____ capsid. A. spiked B. complex C. icosahedral D. helical E. buckeyball
C. icosahedral
75. A bacterium acquiring a new trait from a bacteriophage is a phenomenon called A. the cytopathic effect. B. lytic conversion. C. lysogenic conversion. D. in vitro cultivation.
C. lysogenic conversion.
17. A negative-sense RNA virus A. is ready for immediate translation. B. must synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome. C. must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome. D. is a special form of tRNA used by viruses. E. always codes for RNA polymerase.
C. must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome.
9. A naked virus only has a(n) A. capsid. B. capsomere. C. nucleocapsid. D. envelope. E. antigenic surface.
C. nucleocapsid.
46. Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks.
C. plaques.
49. Infectious protein particles are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes.
C. prions.
42. What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage? A. primary B. secondary C. temperate D. temporary E. transformed
C. temperate
21. Host range is limited by A. type of nucleic acid in the virus. B. age of the host cell. C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane. D. size of the host cell. E. All of the choices are correct.
C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane.
27. The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is A. adsorption. B. penetration. C. uncoating. D. synthesis. E. assembly.
C. uncoating.
28. Which of the following occurs during assembly? A. Nucleocapsid is formed. B. New viral nucleic acid is formed. C. Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. D. A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. E. All of the choices occur.
D. A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane.
55. The primary purpose of viral cultivation is A. to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. B. to prepare viruses for vaccines. C. to do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
16. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes A. the positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand. B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand. C. RNA from DNA. D. DNA from RNA. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. DNA from RNA.
78. RSV belongs to which virus family? A. Poxviridae B. Picornaviridae C. Filoviridae D. Reoviridae
D. Reoviridae
51. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is A. caused by a chronic latent virus. B. initiated by an oncogenic virus. C. caused by a viroid. D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. E. also called "mad cow disease."
D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans.
6. Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus A. spike. B. capsomere. C. envelope. D. capsid. E. core.
D. capsid.
34. Which of the following is incorrect about prophages? A. present when the virus is in lysogeny B. formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome C. replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny D. cause lysis of host cells E. occur when temperate phages enter host cells
D. cause lysis of host cells
72. Viruses differ from cells in that they consist of A. only DNA. B. only RNA. C. both RNA and DNA. D. either DNA or RNA but not both.
D. either DNA or RNA but not both.
70. Mr. Hammond inquires how his wife contracted this viral infection, since she has not come in contact with anyone who has shingles. You recall from microbiology that varicella zoster virus can remain in a chronic latent state in a host by A. integrating into a bacteriophage. B. turning on oncogenes. C. attacking T cells. D. hiding from the immune system within nerve cells.
D. hiding from the immune system within nerve cells.
41. During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the A. host cytoplasm. B. host nucleus. C. host nucleolus. D. host DNA. E. host cell membrane.
D. host DNA.
43. The activation of a prophage is called A. activation. B. lysogeny. C. transformation. D. induction. E. adsorption.
D. induction.
24. The envelope of enveloped viruses is A. identical to the host plasma membrane. B. only composed of host endomembrane. C. always includes spikes. D. is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis.
19. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during A. replication. B. assembly. C. adsorption. D. release. E. penetration.
D. release.
26. Viral tissue specificities are called A. ranges. B. virions. C. receptacles. D. tropisms. E. uncoating.
D. tropisms.
39. Lysogeny refers to A. altering the host range of a virus. B. latent state of herpes infections. C. virion exiting host cell. D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome.
15. Viral nucleic acids include which of the following? A. double-stranded DNA B. single-stranded DNA C. double-stranded RNA D. single-stranded RNA E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
23. Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? A. inclusions in the nucleus B. multinucleated giant cells C. inclusions in the cytoplasm D.cells change shape E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
3. Host cells of viruses include A. humans and other animals. B. plants and fungi. C. bacteria. D. protozoa and algae. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
38. Uncoating of viral nucleic acid A. does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication. B. involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid. C. releases viral nucleic acid into the cell. D. occurs before replication. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
45. Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? A. live lab animals B. embryonated bird eggs C. primary cell cultures D. continuous cell cultures E. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.
E. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.
11. All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except A. gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane. B. are comprised primarily of lipids. C. contain special virus proteins. D. help the virus particle attach to host cells. E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
13. The core of every virus particle always contains A. DNA. B. capsomeres. C. enzymes. D. DNA and RNA. E. either DNA or RNA.
E. either DNA or RNA.
53. Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called _____ and the infectious RNA strands called _____. A. prions, capsomeres B. virions, prions C. viroids, phages D. prions, phages E. prions, viroids
E. prions, viroids
58. Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm. True False
False
61. A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell. True False
False
65. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a prion. True False
False
68. Viruses are not filterable. True False
False
56. When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell. True False
True
57. Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections. True False
True
59. A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion. True False
True
60. Spikes are glycoproteins of the virus capsid. True False
True
62. Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis. True False
True
63. Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle. True False
True
64. Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization. True False
True
66. Viruses are simple, noncellular, and lack mRNA. True False
True
67. Viruses mutate and some have not been discovered. True False
True
69. Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell. True False
True
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called a. exogenous. b. an exotoxin. c. an enterotoxin. d. endogenous. e. axenic
a
Exotoxins are a. proteins. b. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed. c. antiphagocytic factors. d. secretions that always target nervous tissue. e. lipopolysaccharide.
a
Nosocomial infections involve all the following except a. are only transmitted by medical personnel. b. often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions. c. the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent. d. Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents. e. medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.
a
Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes? a. phagocytosis b. adhesion c. encapsulation d. margination e. exocytosis
a
The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called a. microbial antagonism. b. endogenous infection. c. infectious disease. d. axenic. e. gnotobiotism.
a
The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b. World Health Organization. c. National Institutes of Health. d. United States Department of Agriculture. e. Infection Control Committee.
a
The suffix -emia means a. blood. b. a disease or morbid process. c. an inflammation. d. tumor. e. pertaining to.
a
The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate. a. morbidity b. mortality c. incidence d. endemic e. pandemic
b
Virulence factors include all the following except a. capsules. b. ribosomes. c. exoenzymes. d. endotoxins. e. exotoxins.
b
Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient. a. elevation b. stabilization c. decrease
c
The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the a. virulence factor. b.indigenous biota. c. infectious dose. d. endotoxin. e. minimal dose.
c
The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n) a. syndrome. b. symptom. c. sign. d. pathology. e. inflammation.
c
When would Koch's postulates be utilized? a. determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab b. development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab c. determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab d. formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab e. whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem
c
Which of the following is not an anti-phagocytic factor? a. secretion of slime b. production of leukocidins c. adhering to the host d. secretion of a capsule e. ability to survive intracellularly
c
A _____ is an infection indigenous to animals that can, on occasion, be transmitted to humans. a. secondary infection b. sequelae c. nosocomial infection d. zoonosis e. None of the choices is correct.
d
Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called a. opportunistic pathogens. b. normal biota. c. indigenous biota. d. true pathogens. e. micropathogens.
d
Keritinase has the greatest effect on the a. respiratory system. b. gastrointestinal system. c. urinary system. d. genital system. e. skin.
e
Reservoirs include a. humans. b. animals. c. soil. d. water. e. All of the choices are correct.
e
Which of the following is not a method of adhesion? a. fimbriae b. surface proteins c. specialized receptors d. adhesive slime or capsules e. cilia
e
Which of the following is the endotoxin? a. hemolysin b. hyaluronidase c. toxinosis d. collagenase e. lipopolysaccharide
e