Chapter 6 part 2
If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n) a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned stimulus. e. preconditioned stimulus.
a
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was a. salivation to the sound of a tone. b. salivation to the taste of food. c. the sound of a tone. d. the taste of food. e. sight of the food in the bowl.
a
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. conditioned reinforcer. d. delayed reinforcer. e. primary reinforcer.
a
Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates a. generalization. b. secondary reinforcement. c. shaping. d. intermittent reinforcement.
a
Two-year-old Grace was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Grace's newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of a. generalization. b. latent learning. c. shaping. d. spontaneous recovery. e. secondary reinforcement.
a
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of a. secondary reinforcement. b. generalization. c. shaping. d. latent learning. e. spontaneous recovery.
b
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates a. latent learning. b. the law of effect. c. respondent behavior. d. spontaneous recovery. e. intermittent reinforcement.
b
Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates a. discrimination. b. generalization. c. acquisition. d. shaping. e. extinction.
b
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called a. shaping. b. acquisition. c. generalization. d. spontaneous recovery. e. latent learning.
b
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called a. generalization. b. spontaneous recovery. c. secondary reinforcement. d. latent learning. e. shaping.
b
Your heart may race when confronted by a baby lion but not when approached by a house cat. This best illustrates the adaptive value of a. shaping. b. discrimination. c. extrinsic motivation. d. spontaneous recovery. e. negative reinforcement.
b
An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of a. latent learning. b. delayed reinforcement. c. generalization. d. secondary reinforcement. e. spontaneous recovery.
c
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was a. the taste of food. b. salivation to the taste of food. c. the sound of a tone. d. salivation to the sound of a tone. e. the anticipation of food.
c
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. latent learning e. insight
c
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called a. respondent behaviors. b. prosocial behaviors. c. operant behaviors. d. conditioned responses. e. unconditioned responses.
c
Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? a. latent learning b. partial reinforcement c. spontaneous recovery d. generalization e. discrimination
c
Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior? a. automatic b. reflexive c. voluntary d. instinctive e. unlearned
c
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. e. higher-order response.
d
A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear. a. generalization b. latent learning c. shaping d. extinction e. reinforcement
d
After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred. a. generalization b. negative reinforcement c. latent learning d. extinction e. discrimination
d
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Catleinah was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Catleinah 's pattern of fear best illustrates a. shaping. b. conditioned reinforcement. c. spontaneous recovery. d. discrimination. e. negative reinforcement.
d
Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates a. shaping. b. spontaneous recovery. c. intermittent reinforcement. d. higher-order conditioning. e. extinction.
d
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called a. shaping. b. behaviorism. c. observational learning. d. the law of effect. e. latent learning.
d
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This BEST illustrates a. spontaneous recovery. b. continuous reinforcement. c. latent learning. d. generalization. e. habituation.
d
Ever since his mother began to give Grant gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Grant discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of a. primary reinforcement. b. classical conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. operant conditioning. e. latent learning.
d
Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of a. shaping. b. latent learning. c. secondary reinforcement. d. discrimination. e. extinction.
d
Spontaneous recovery refers to the a. expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. b. organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. c. return of a response after punishment has been terminated. d. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. e. tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses.
d
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the a. US. b. UR. c. CS. d. CR. e. SA.
d
The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called a. spontaneous recovery. b. conditioned reinforcement. c. latent learning. d. generalization. e. shaping.
d
After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Saisiram experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Saisiram's reaction best illustrates a. shaping. b. extinction. c. latent learning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. generalization.
e