Chapter 6 : Practice Quiz

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a conditioned reinforce is to _____.

A Primary Reinforcer

In classical conditioning, this term refers to the initial stage when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the unconditioned response, making it the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Acquisition

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became the:

Conditioned Response (CR).

Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

Conditioned response (CR).

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

Correlation does not prove causation.

Skinner's work built on the law of effect, a principle identified and named by:

Edward Thorndike.

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Fixed-interval

Which statement does NOT describe one of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology?

His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments

Conditioning can help animals:

Locate mate, Find food, Avoid danger.

For his studies of digestion, he earned Russia's first Nobel Prize. WHO IS HE ?

Pavlov

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

Who was modern behaviorism's MOST influential and controversial figure?

Skinner

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position?

Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior

states that rewarded behavior tends to be repeated and is the base for Skinner's work.

The law of effect

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

acquisition

In his experiments, Ivan Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again.

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

associative learning.

In classical conditioning, the learned stimulus/response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response (CR).

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

conditioned response (CR).

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

every time the desired behavior occurs

the diminishing in a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when and unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response in no longer reinforced

extinction

Brenda studies frequently for her class in hopes of earning an A in the class. She is trying to keep her grade point average as high as possible. She is motivated by:

extrinsic motivation

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

mirror neuron

Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of:

modeling.

In Albert Bandura's experiment, those children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll compared to children not exposed to the adult model.

much more likely

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

observation.

One chimpanzee watches a second chimpanzee solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates:

observational learning.

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse toward her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment.

Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior is called

prosocial

This is the opposite of antisocial behavior.

prosocial

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:

two stimuli.

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned response (UR)