chapter 6 practice test

In what type of cellular organism are the smallest genomes found?

endosymbiotic

Which of the following species has the largest genome? Trichomonas ΦX174 MS2 Homo sapiens v

trichomonas

Newer sequencing techniques require only one lane on an electrophoresis gel rather than four. How is this possible?

Each base is identified with a different fluorescent color

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genes from one organism to another, as occurs during conjugation between bacteria. How does this differ from vertical gene transfer?

In horizontal gene transfer, genes are transferred from one mature adult organism to another. In vertical gene transfer, genes are transferred from adults to offspring.

In sequencing, it may be necessary to find a consensus nucleotide. What does this mean?

It is the nucleotide most commonly found at a particular location

You are interested in trying to determine the function of a particular gene in a common bacterium (meaning that it has a haploid genome). To do this, could you use a knockout mutation?

Possibly; it would depend on whether the gene was essential for survival and on whether you could create a diploid bacteria as well.

In DNA replication in vivo, RNA primers are used. However, researchers use DNA primers instead in the lab because DNA primers are more stable. Why might this be the case?

RNA has a relatively short half life compared with DNA and does not need to be as stable to perform its functions in the cell.

Which types of environments presently allow the assembly of complete genomes by metagenomic analysis?

acidic mine runoff water

in the sanger method of dna sequencing, how are dna chaings randomly terminated in reactions using dna polymerase?

by having a small amount of dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction

What types of genetic duplications have led to the bacterial genomes observed today?

frequent duplications of genes or groups of genes

in sanger sequencing and in many new sequencing techniques, labeled precursors are used. what are these precursors?

primers or nucleotides that will be incorporated into newly synthesized dna

what is not included in the genomne?

protein

in the food industry, microarrays are commonly used to assess food purity. how many oligonucleotides would be required on such a microarray?

thousands

about how many protein coding genes are in the largest sequenced protozoan genome?

60,000

The ion torrent sequencing method uses "the world's smallest pH meter" to detect the addition of bases. What change related to pH would be measured?

: Each time a new base is added, an H+ is removed. A pH meter would record an increase in H+ concentration in the environment as a decrease in pH (greater acidity).

Why is having few or no inteins related to having a very small genome?

Organisms with very small genomes tend to have essential genes with minimal additional material

What is the basis of protein separation in both dimensions of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis?

first dimension - isoelectric point second dimension - size

How are DNA fragments separated when sequencing DNA by the Sanger dideoxy method?

gel electrophoresis

What types of genes are typically transferred horizontally?

genes involved in metabolism of unusual subtrates

what is the technique called by which soluble proteins are separated by size, ionic charge or hydrophobicity?

high-pressure liquid chromatography

what terminology is used to describe how a transcription factor, rna, and an enzyme move an organism towards a nutritional source?

interactome

what can dna chips be used for?

monitoring global gene expression

Metabolomics has been used on which type of organisms to study their many secondary metabolites

plants

which genetic material is most closely related to the nucler-encoded mitochondrial genes that are required for translation and energy generation?

plasmid genes

Which of the following is NOT a chromosomal rearrangement derived from recombination between insertion sequences?

point mutations

Consider the following two statements about mitochondrial genomes: 1.Mitochondrial genomes are highly conserved between species. 2.Some mitochondrial genomes are linear DNA molecules

statement I is correct

how are dna fragments tracked when sequencing dna using the sanger method?

using radioactive or fluorescently labeled dna

researchers discover a new species of bacterium that has an unusual metabolism. however it has biochemical and morphological similarities to other species. what is the most comprehensive and effective approach to determine how to classify these bacteria?

the bacteria should be classified by using genomic analyses to construct phylogenies

what does mass spectrometry unambiguously determine?

the molecular formula of any small molecule

which of the following is not an indication of horizontal gene transfer?

the presence of a stretch of dna that is nearly identical to another chromosomal location

Which of these organisms is likely to have the largest genome?

yeast cell