Chapter 6 Psychology

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? acquisition learning reinforcement shaping

D

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

D

What is the main idea of social learning theory? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. second-level conditioning operant conditioning spontaneous recovery latent learning

C

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associative instinctive processual reflexive

A

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment positive reinforcement

B

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. continuous partial primary secondary

B

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? boys display fear differently from girls boys display more fear than girls emotion can be a conditioned response fear cannot be a conditioned response

C

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. operant conditioning stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization higher-order conditioning

B

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? classical conditioning imitation modeling operant conditioning

D

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after dreaming they were on television after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response

D

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart playing the slot machine

C

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. Edward C. Tolman Ivan Pavlov Little Albert Rosalie Rayner

A

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

A

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. learned instinctive reflexive reactive

A

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? It would be unethical by today's research standards. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study.

A

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? acquisition and extinction punishment and reinforcement continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement latent learning and insight learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. conditioned latent partial primary

B

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? classical conditioning observational operant

C

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning instincts learning reflexes

C

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral response and a conditioned response neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

D

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? deciding that you want to be a parent jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? continuous partial primary secondary

A

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. cognitive map fixed interval map fixed ratio map latent map

A

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A

Which of the following is an example of instinct? baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked believing that nudity is wrong a teacher demonstrating algebra to students a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

A

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. acquisition conditioning extinction learning

C

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. extinction stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization spontaneous recovery

C

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. classical operant primary secondary

C