chapter 6

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.

corneum; granulosum; spinosum

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes

dead

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.

dead

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.

deep; collagen fibers

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.

dendritic

Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.

dendritic

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

dna

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation

dna

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

eleidin

The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as

epidermal appendages

The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.

epidermis

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about _______ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ________ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about month ________ following their formation.

2,2,1

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

3-5

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

4

True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.

False

Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.

benign

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

body; edge

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

corneum

The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

corneum

The two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the ______ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the ______.

epidermis; dermis

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.

exocrine

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum___________, , the process of keratinization begins.

granulosum

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?

granulosum spinosum

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ______________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

infection

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

keratin

Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.

keratinization

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _________ and the protein they produce is called _________.

keratinocytes;keratin

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

living; dead

In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum

lucidum

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.

melanocytes

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

merocrine sweat glands

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

merocrine; apocrine

During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus

Functions of subcutaneous layer

pads & protects body; acts as energy reservoir; provides thermal insulation

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ________ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ________ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

palms; soles

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

sensory nerve

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin.

simple, coiled, and tubular

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.

spinosum

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

stratum corneum

______ glands are also called sweat glands.

sudoriferous

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

sweat ducts; hair follicles

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ________glands, ___________ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat; oil

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ______ glands and ______ glands.

sweat; sebaceous

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.

tactile cells

The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.

thick skin

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ________ , colorations, and skin markings.

thickness

True or false: The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

true

True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

true

the skin is best described as

water resistant