Chapter 6 Solutions Test

Rules for dissolving

1. Compounds will dissolve other compounds will charge (polar covalent and ionic solvent) 2. Compounds will dissolve other compounds with no charges (Nonpolar covalent solvents)

Substance that allows electricity to pass through it

Conductor

Supersaturated Solution

Contains MORE solute than saturated. (solution at certain temperature) UNSTABLE solution that contains more solute than solvent can dissolve at that temperature.

A gas dissolves faster in a liquid if the temperature of the liquid is _______

Decreased

Any method used to remove salts from ocean water

Desalination

Terms that describe Solutions

Dilute- Small amount of solute Concentrated- Large amount of solute

Process by which ions split apart when dissolved

Dissociation

What will water dissolve? What won't water dissolve?

Dissolve- Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Sugar, and Acetic Acid Won't Dissolve- wax or oil

Process by which a liquid is evaporated and then condensed to separate it from solution

Distillation

What is Immiscible?

Does not dissolve in each other

Substance that separates into ions in a water solution

Electrolyte

Ionic Molecule

Has charges

Polar Covalent Molecule

Has charges, charged ends to molecules (+,-)

Nonpolar Covalent Molecule

Has no charges

A gas dissolves best in a liquid solvent when the solution is under high ______

Pressure

Solubility

Quantity of solute (in grams) that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specific temperature

In a solution of sugar and water, the water is the _______

Solvent

Substance that dissolves a Solute

Solvent

Solute- Solvent Combinations

Solvent with polar molecules will only dissolve solute switch polar molecules or ionic compounds because they have charges

When a gas is being dissolved in a liquid, stirring _______ the dissolving process

Speeds Up

Contains more solute than a saturated solution does at a given temperature

Supersaturated Solution

Grinding a solid solute increases its _______ area

Surface

What does a solute, solution, and solvent all have in common?

The solute is the substance being dissolved, the solvent is the substance doing the dissolving and the solution is the mixture.

When a polar covalent solvent (water) dissolves a solute it can:

1. Dissociate- separation of ions as ionic solute dissolves (breaking apart of ionic compounds into positive and negative ions when dissolved water) 2. Ionization- breaking apart of polar molecules to form ions as polar compound is pulled apart by water as it dissolves 3. Just Dissolves- Polar covalent compound simples dissolves in water (no ions formed)

Electrolytes

1. Electrolytes- substance whose solution conducts electricity because the solution is made of ions -substance that separates into ions (ionic) or formed into ions (polar) in water solution 2. Water WILL NOT electricity without ions 3. Nonelectrolytes- doesn't form ions in solution so doesn't conduct electricity 4. Ions in solution conduct electricity (dissociate or ionize)

Colligative Properties

1. Solutes effect on physical properties of a liquid solvent a. lowers melting/freezing point b. increases boiling/condensing point 2. The solute particles interfere with the particles of the solvent -they can't line up to crystallize (freeze) LOSE -they can't evaporate as easily (vaporize) GAIN 3. It extends the liquid phase -interferes with ability of solvent particles to gain/lose KE to change states

How can a supersaturated solution be produced?

By cooling a saturated solution so the solute will come out when one crystal is added or is agitated

Like Dissolves Like

Can't be polar solvent and nonpolar solute (or opposite)

What is a saturated solution?

A solvent that has dissolved all the solute it can hold at the temperature

How solutions form

A. Homogeneous mixture B. Evenly distributed particles (don't settle) C. Can't filter particles because they exist as molecules, atoms, ions

Dissolving Process

A. Need to have contact between the solvent and solute B. Solvent must pull solute particles away from the solute into the solutions C. Solvent must evenly disperse solute particles (ion/molecule/atom) throughout solvent to form a solution

Where is the # of grams of solute dissolved listed?

ABOVE the value listed on the solubility table or curve (above the solubility limit)

What does air, gas, and nitrogen all have in common?

Air and Nitrogen are gases

Solution of Metals

Alloy

Solid solutions composed of metals usually are called ______

Alloys

How can solubility be changed?

By changing the temperature (more solubility at a higher temperature)

How do the methods of speeding the rate of solution for dissolving a solid in a liquid compare to the methods of speeding the rate of solution when dissolving a gas in a liquid?

Heat in most cases has an opposite effect on the solubility of solids as compared to gases. Almost all solids will dissolve faster in a liquid at higher temperatures, where as gases will dissolve in a liquid faster at a lower temperature.

A gas dissolves faster in a liquid when under ______ pressure

High

When the particles of a mixture are evenly distributed throughout, the mixture is _______

Homogeneous

A solid dissolves faster in a liquid if the temperature of the liquid is _______

Increased

Charged Atom

Ion

Process by which polar substances are pulled apart in water

Ionization

The ______ the surface area of a solid, the faster it will dissolve

Larger

What are most solutions?

Most are solid in a liquid and they are a physical combination of substances so they are EVENLY mixed

Substance whose solutions do not conduct electricity

Nonelectrolyte

What is Partially Miscible?

Partially dissolving in each other

What is rate of dissolving?

Rate of dissolving is how fast a solute will dissolve into a solution

Solution that has all the solute it can hold at a given temperature

Saturated Solution

What does a metal, alloy, and solid all have in common?

Solid solutions composed of metals usually are called alloys.

Number of grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent

Solubility

What is solubility listed on?

Solubility Tables and Solubility Curves

In a solution of salt and water, the salt is the ______

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solute

A solvent with nonpolar molecules will only dissolve what?

Solutes with nonpolar molecules

Homogeneous Mixture

Solution

Air

Solution Type: Gas Solvent: Gas Solute: Gas

Club Soda

Solution Type: Liquid Solvent: Liquid Solute: Gas

Vinegar

Solution Type: Liquid Solvent: Liquid Solute: Liquid

Salt Water

Solution Type: Liquid Solvent: Liquid Solute: Solid

Dental Amalgam

Solution Type: Solid Solvent: Solid Solute: Liquid

Brass

Solution Type: Solid Solvent: Solid Solute: Solid

Saturated Solution

Solution is said to be at the solubility limit (No more solute can dissolve at this temperature)

What does the type of solution depend on?

The solvent because it is the largest part of the solution

What does club soda, sugar water, and vinegar all have in common?

These are all liquid solutions

What does stirring, grinding, and heating all have in common?

These are all ways of improving solubility

What can solutions be?

They can be a liquid, solid, or gas

Unsaturated Solution

This solution contains less than a saturated solution (The solvent has dissolved LESS THAN the maximum amount of solute at the given temperature) BELOW THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT

How can solubility be used?

To separate mixtures in a solution (less soluble will crystallize first in evaporation)

What is Miscible?

Two substances soluble in each (other water or alcohol)

Any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature

Unsaturated Solution

Is water a polar molecule or a nonpolar molecule? Why?

Water is a polar molecule because it has charged ends

Why can't you see each part of the solvent and solute?

because they combine on a molecular level (the solute seems to disappear into the solvent)