Chapter 6 Study Guide: Enlightenment and Revolution
What tax led to the Revolution because of taxation without representation?
Stamp act
ESSAY: What was Wollstonecraft's argument for women's rights?
That if women were as educated as males, they'd be just as good
How did the American Declaration of Independence embody enlightenment ideas?
"We the People"... it really just talked about how the colonists disagreed with Great Britain's rule for not granting individual freedoms.
What discoveries were made in the field of medicine? (1)Edwards Jenner? (2)Francis Bacon? (3)Andreas Vesalius?
(1)introduced vaccine for smallpox (2)Bacon took up Aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry. (3)proved Galen's discoveries wrong on the structure of the human body.
Who were the individuals who promoted the Scientific Theory?
(All scientist) but at this time- philosophes
What is an enlightened despot?
Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
Can the ideas of the Enlightenment and Absolutism co-exist? Explain.
Absolutely... Fredrick II, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great were absolute monarchs and still turned out to endorse the ideas of the enlightenment.
Why did the ideas of the enlightenment reach and hold in the Americas and not so much in Europe?
Americas- Major elements of our democracy, such as "separation of powers" and "checks and balances" came from Enlightenment writers like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire. Even Thomas Jefferson's famous phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" from the Declaration of Independence was adapted from John Locke's phrase "Life, Liberty, and Property." Europe- many European rulers where still absolute monarchs and did not want individual rights of those in there kingdoms so many didn't like the enlightenment movement.
What was our nation's first constitution?
Articles of Confederation
Before the 1500s, who and what were the final authorities with regard to most knowledge?
Before the 1500s, the church and its leaders, the bible, and the king/queen. If they could not come up with an answer to a question, they would say that God did it.
What did Galileo's observations seem to indicate about heavenly bodies?
Bodies made of substances like Earth
Explain the geocentric theory
Earthly Centered Universe
What rulers fall into this group of enlightened despots?
Fredrick II (the great), Joseph II, Catherine the great
ESSAY: Describe Descartes' principle of the separation of mind and matter and explains its significance?
He decided to set aside all that he had learned and to begin again. Importance of his own mind and accept only things his reason was true . 2nd principle- separation of mind and matter and mind and body.
Compare and contrast Hobbes and Locke
Hobbes: Favored absolute monarchy, people formed social contracts & only powerful gov. can insure social order. Locke: Favored limited government, limited gov. protect the natural rights of the people.
Why is Newton important?
Isaac Newton developed the theory of gravity, the laws of motion (which became the basis for physics), a new type of mathematics called calculus, and made breakthroughs in the area of optics such as the reflecting telescope.
Essay: Why was the Catholic Church threatened by Galileo's observations of the universe?
It contradicted the churches beliefs
What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?
It left behind belief in progress, a more secular outlook, and importance of the individual.
What was Adam Smith's laissez—faire doctrine?
Laissez-faire, (French: "allow to do"), policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.
ESSAY: What contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau make that significantly contributed to our governmental system?
Montesquieu was a proponent of the idea of divided government, and that is reflected in our system of separation of powers. Voltaire advocated religious freedom and freedom of speech and thought, and these are reflected in our First Amendment. Rousseau forwarded the notion that the basis of of government is the people joining in a social contract providing for the common good, based on the idea of the general will. This is reflected in the principle of popular sovereignty in our Constitution: "We the people..."
What are the main steps of the scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis, experimentation to test the hypothesis, data analysis, and coming up with a conclusion.
What was the role of salons and spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment?
Philosophers, writers, artist, scientists, and other intellectuals met to spread new ideas.
How did the ideas of the philosophers influence the rule of Catherine the Great and Frederick II?
Reached to serve and strengthen their countries.
What are the core concepts of philosophies?
Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty
In what ways did the enlightenment lead to the revolution?
The ideas of the Enlightenment helped lead to the American Revolution and American independence because they formed the philosophical basis for America's claim that it should have more autonomy. ... Thus, the ideas of the Enlightenment helped give Americans the idea that they should become independent.
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
How were women viewed at this time?
Uneducated and. Homestead workers
What is a federal system?
a system that divided powers between the states and the federal government
What was the Constitutional Convention?
meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution
Heliocentric Theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.