Chapter 6

Define PPE according to Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).

"specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard." The hazards this particular standard refers to are bloodborne pathogens, such as hepatitis and HIV; however, beauty professionals are required to prevent their occupational exposure to any amount of blood, no matter how miniscule, through the use of gloves, masks, and eye protection.

General Movements for Massage

- 1. Effleurage (ef-loo-RAHZ) is a succession of strokes in which the hands glide over an area of the body with varying degrees of pressure or contact. This is a relaxing movement for your client. - 2. Pétrissage (PEH-treh-sahzh), or kneading, is lifting, squeezing, and pressing the tissue. - 3. Tapotement (tah-POTE-ment) is a rapid tapping or striking motion of the hands against the skin. - 4. Vibration (vy-BRAY-shun) is a continuous trembling or shaking move-ment applied by the hand without leaving contact with the skin. - 5. Friction (FRIK-shun) incorporates various strokes that manipulate or press one layer of tissue over another. The hands are placed around the arm, with the fingers pointing in opposite directions, and are then gently twisted in opposite directions on the arm, as one would wring out a washcloth. Perform the movement up and down the forearm, sliding to the new position three to five times (Figure 6-25). In the traditional manicure, the massage is performed after the basic manicure procedures, just before the polish application. After performing a massage, it is essential that the nail plate be thoroughly cleaned to ensure that it is free from any residue such as oil, cream, wax, or lotion. You can use alcohol, acetone, or nail polish remover to perform this task; however, remember that these products can have a drying effect on the cuticles. Be sure to finish by applying cuticle oil after the polish has dried or is cured.

Outline the steps in the application of nail polish.

-Choose a nail color -The Polish Application - - - - - - -

Why should you use a topcoat?

to give a protective seal

Are autoclaves, finger bowls, and disinfection containers are considered equipment?

yes

Describe approaches to personal manicures that are sensitive to clients with special health considerations

-Limited mobility clients. If a client enters your estab-lishment using an aid for limited mobility, make sure to move any obstructions or tripping hazards, clearing all rugs or mats from the floors -Clients who experience involuntary movement. When greeting a client, you may notice that they have tremors or involuntary movement. If your client has tremors or involuntary movement it is typically an indicator of neurological issue. Roll up a hand towel and support the entire forearm from the elbow to the palm (Figure 6-30). · Clients with altered vision. You may have clients come in who have altered vision and need assistance choosing a nail color. When assisting these clients be clear and describe each color to them with examples. It is better to approach picking a color by asking how they want to be seen. So, instead of saying, "we have ten shades of red to choose from" try asking, "Are you looking for a bright red that stands out in a crowd, or a more subtle red that won't be immediately noticed?" · Clients with painful joints. There are many reasons a client may have painful joints, the most well-known reason being arthritis. If a client comes in and mentions painful joints during the client con-sultation, handle them gently, never applying pressure directly on the joints. Do not manipulate the joints during the massage por-tion of the service. Gently smooth the lotion on the client's skin applying gentle pressure. Always check with your client through-out the service to make sure they are not in any pain. -Clients with caregivers. You may have a client come in who has a caregiver. Always make room for the caregiver and accept any assis-tance that they offer to provide. · Clients with lowered immunity. As long as you follow strict infec-tions control practices, as described in Chapter 5 of Milady Stan-dard Foundations, a client with lowered immunity should be safe in your establishment.

Why is the polish application important?

. It may determine whether a first-time client returns to you. It is the last step in a manicure and a constant visual reminder of your work for your clients between visits. When your clients look at their perfectly polished nails, they will admire your work and likely return. If the polish is not applied perfectly, they will have a constant reminder (for a week or more) of a less-than-perfect manicure and may choose to go elsewhere for their next manicure.

How many coats of polish should be applied to the nails, and what are the coats called?

4, The first, the base coat, is followed by two coats of polish color and one application of topcoat to give a protective seal

Base Coat

A base coat creates a colorless layer on the natural nail or nail enhance-ment that promotes the adhesion of polish (Figure 6-20). It also reduces the potential for polish to develop a yellowish staining or other discoloration on the natural nail plate; some nail plates are especially susceptible to stains from red or dark colors. Base coats are also import-ant to use on nail enhancements under colored polish to prevent sur-face staining. Like nail polishes, base coats contain solvents designed to evaporate. These products usually contain a form of adhesive that aids in retaining the polish for a longer time. After evaporation (drying), a sticky, adhesion-promoting film is left behind on the surface of the nail plate to increase adhesion of the colored coating.

Disinfection Container

A disinfection container must be large enough to hold sufficient liquid disinfectant solution to completely immerse several service sets (SERV-iss SETS) of implements (Figure 6-5). Containers that do not allow the entire implement (including handles) to be submerged are not acceptable for use in professional salons. All disinfectant containers must be kept closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evapora-tion. For more information on disinfection containers, refer to Milady Standard Foundations Chapter 5.

Gauze, Cotton Balls, Pledgets, or Plastic-Backed Pads

Lint-free, plastic-backed fiber or cotton pads are often used in the beauty industry to remove nail polish. Plastic backing pro-tects nail professionals' fingertips from overexposure to drying solvents and other chemicals (Figure 6-17). Gauze squares, cotton rounds, or cotton balls are also pop-ular for removing nail polish: They are inexpensive and perfectly designed for this and other application tasks. Gauze squares (2" x 2" or 4" x 4"), also called pledgets, have many uses in manicure services, from product removal to application. Store these materials in a manner to prevent dust and debris from contaminating them.

Finger bowl

A finger bowl is used for soaking the client's fingers in warm water to soften the skin and cuticle. It can be made from materials such as plas-tic, metal, glass, or even an attractive ceramic. Finger bowls should be durable and easy to thoroughly clean and disinfect after use on each client (Figure 6-4).

Service Cushion

A foam cushion that is higher in the middle and lower on the ends can be placed between the client and the nail technician during a manicure; this may provide more comfort during the service for both parties. The service cushion must be fully covered by a fresh, clean towel throughout each service.

Describe how to approach a man's manicure service.

A man's manicure is performed using the same procedures as described in the basic manicure. Depending on your client's preference, you may omit the colored polish and/or buff the nails with a high-shine buffer.Most men tend to go longer between services and will need a little more work on their nails and skin. Men's Nail Shapes Men usually prefer their nails shorter than women do. Round nails, which are closest to their natural appearance, are the most common choice for male clients. Some men, however, prefer their nails very short, with only a small amount of free edge that is shaped according to the base of the nail plate. Men's Massage Most clients enjoy the massage portion of the manicure and want a longer one! Always check with your client on the pres-sure and firmness of the massage. Remember you are not licensed to perform a deep, sports-like massage. Men's Color Selection While some men will prefer buffed nails, or a clear coating, other men will prefer polish and enhancements (Figure 6-24). Always be sure to discuss preferences during the client consultation.

Which massage movement should you perfect and is the most relaxing to the client for a hand and arm massage?

A massage is one of the client's highest priorities during the mani-cure and is often the most memorable part of the manicure. Most cli-ents look forward to its soothing and relaxing effects. The massage manipulations should be executed with rhythmic, long, and smooth movements; the technician should always have one hand on the client's arm or hand during the movements and the transitions between them. Hand and arm massages are said to be optional during a basic mani-cure and in the shorter express or demonstration manicures. However, at least some massage needs to be designed into the protocol because the relaxation instilled by that portion of the service may be what brings the client back for a more upscale manicure.

Electric Nail Polish Dryer

A nail polish dryer is designed to shorten the time it takes for the client's nail polish to dry. Electric dryers have heaters and fans that blow air onto the nail plates to speed the evaporation of solvents from nail pol-ishes, allowing them to harden more quickly. Light bulb-type nail polish dryers create warmth to speed drying. They work in the same fashion as electric dryers; they may or may not have fans.

Paraffin Treatment

A paraffin tub has an automatic thermostat that maintains the paraffin at the ideal temperature for application to the hands and feet. Paraf-fin is applied to the skin to enhance moisture. The application can be added to manicures and pedicures for an extra charge or included in an upscale service.All states require that items like paraffin (multiuse containers) be removed for single use in a manner that does not contaminate remain-ing product. You should never dip a client's hand or foot directly into the paraffin tub. You may use the paraffin tub to heat up the product to a safe temperature and then scoop the paraffin from the tub and place it in a clear paraffin bag, which is then placed over your client's hand or foot. Any paraffin used on your client needs to be discarded after use. Additional methods of safely incorporating paraffin to your service are included later in this chapter.

Stand-Alone Service

Many clients enjoy a paraffin treatment: They like the way it makes their skin feel. You can include this service on the menu with its own price. The benefits must be marketed for the service to be desired. For exam-ple, the heat provides pain relief for those with arthritis. And when the temperature is cold outside, many clients remember the warm feeling the paraffin provides. Encourage your clients to book an appointment or drop in for a dip.

Manicure Table

A standard manicuring table usually includes a drawer for storing properly cleaned and disinfected implements (IM-pluh-mentz) and a shelf (one or more, with or without doors) for storing professional products (Figure 6-1). The table can vary in length, but it is usually 36" (91.4 cm) to 48" (121.9 cm) long with a width of normally 16" (40.6 cm) to 21" (53.3 cm). The surface of the table must be cleaned and disinfected after every client; therefore, it must be a hard and impenetrable surface, such as Formica or glass, and be kept clear of clutter.

Supply Tray

A supply tray holds nail products such as polishes, polish removers, and creams. It should be sturdy and easy to clean. Many technicians put every product they need for the service that they will perform on a tray and then lift it from a shelf in their station onto their table in one, efficient movement. This keeps the tabletop clear, maintaining a clean, clutter-free appearance. The tray needs to be cleaned and disinfected after every client.

Covered Trash Containers

A trash container with a self-closing lid should be located next to your workstation (Figure 6-6). Trash containers should be lined with a dis-posable trash bag and closed when not in use. It must be emptied at the end of each workday and cleaned and disinfected often. Check with your state regarding specific rules on cleaning and disinfection of your trash container. A trash container with a self-closing lid is one way to prevent excessive odors and vapors in the salon.

Abrasive Nail Files and Buffers

Abrasive nail files and buffers (Figure 6-15) are available in many different types and grits, such as those with firm, rigid support-ing cores or others with foam, very flexible cores. They are single use. Grits range from less than 100 to over 240 per centimeter. A rule of thumb is the lower the grit, the larger the abrasive particles on the file and the more aggressive its action. Therefore, coarse-grit abrasive (Kors-GRIT uh-BRAY-siv) files and buffers (100 or less grit) quickly reduce any surface and produce deeper and more visible scratches than do those of a higher grit. As such, lower-grit files must be used with caution and are generally not used on natural nails. Higher-grit files remove scratches and smooth surfaces through polishing. Medium-grit abrasives (MEE-dee-um GRIT uh-BRAY-sivs) (150-180) are used to smooth and refine surfaces; used to shorten and shape nat-ural nails. Fine-grit abrasives (FYN GRIT uh-BRAY-sivs) feature grits of 240 and higher. They are designed for buffing, polishing, and removing very fine scratches. You must prep or edge your abrasive files before using them on a client to prevent cutting the client with the sharp edges. These files are stamped from a large sheet of prepared materials, leaving very sharp edges that are not removed before the files are shipped. You are responsible for removing this damaging edge from every new file. To prepare a file for use, rub another (clean, unused) file across the edges to remove the sharp edge; this is called file prepping. Many nail technicians prepare all their new files and then store them in a clean container. If the edge is not removed on new files, clients will be at risk for cuts. Check the corners of buffers, too; they also need to be prepped. Abrasive boards and buffers typically have one, two, or three differ-ent grit surfaces, depending on the type, use, and style. Some abrasive boards and buffers can be cleaned and disinfected. Here is a simple rule to follow: If they are made of a paper product, they cannot be cleaned or disinfected, so throw them out after each use. Check with the man-ufacturer to see if the abrasive of your choice can be disinfected. All abrasives must be cleaned and disinfected before reused on

What manicures can be performed using dry manicure techniques?

All manicures (basic, spa, scrub, etc.) can be performed using the dry manicure tech-niques.

Before performing a hand or arm massage on a client what should you do?

Always check with your client on the pres-sure and firmness of the massage. Remember you are not licensed to perform a deep, sports-like massage.

Choose a Nail Color

Many clients will ask for your help when they are choosing a polish color. Always suggest a shade that complements the client's skin tone: Place the client's hand on a white towel under your true-color light and then hold the potential polish colors over the skin on the top of the hand. It is best to allow clients to make the choice to ensure their satisfaction. Always have a wide variety of nail polish colors available, including the appropriate colors for the French manicure polish technique.

Adjustable Lamp

An adjustable lamp is attached to the table and should use a 40- to 60-watt incandescent bulb or a fluorescent bulb ( Figure 6-2). Fluorescent bulbs are very popular because they emit cooler light. Most people prefer true-color fluo-rescent bulb lamps; true indicates that they show the skin and polishes in their actual color in natural light. Fluorescent lights also do not heat up objects underneath the lamp, as do high-watt incandescent bulbs. Higher temperatures caused by an incandescent bulb can increase the curing speed of some nail enhancement products. Curing too quickly can cause undue cracking and lifting.

Autoclave

An autoclave (AW-toe-klayv) uses high-temperature steam and pressure to kill microorganisms and their spores ( Figure 6-7). An autoclave works like a pressure cooker, continuously gen-erating steam, heat, and pressure until it reaches 250 degrees Fahrenheit (or 121 degrees Celsius). Once optimal heat, pres-sure, and steam levels are reached, it must remain at that point for at least 15 minutes to kill all harmful microorganisms and their spores. While using an autoclave remains the best way to sterilize implements and tools, it needs to be done correctly. A spore test should be conducted every 30 days to ensure it does not become an incubator for pathogens. Check with your local state board on the use of autoclaves and infection control laws.

During a Manicure

Many salons and spas have developed manicures that include specialized and additional treatments, such as paraffin wax over a mask or lotion, that are performed after the massage and before polishing.

Describe the materials used during nail services.

Materials and supplies used during a manicure are designed to be single use and must be replaced for each client. These items are con-sidered not reusable. -Gloves -Dust Mask -Abrasive Nail Files and Buffers -Two-Way or Three-Way Buffer -Single-Use or Terry Cloth Towels -Gauze, Cotton Balls, Pledgets, or Plastic-Backed Pads -Plastic, Wooden, or Metal Spatulas

Fast Dry Topcoat

Another kind of topcoat that you will likely use in your practice is fast-dry topcoat. Quick-dry or fast-dry topcoats use the same technology and ingredients as regular polish, but the ratio of ingredients is not the same. Quick-dry topcoats use higher levels of solvent, which evaporates quickly. Solvent is the key ingredient in determining how quickly the polish dries as well as the thickness of the product. Fast-dry topcoats are also available in shiny and matte finishes.

Explain the uses of professional nail products.

As a professional, you need to know how to properly use professional products, what ingredients they contain, and what they do during and after use. You must also know how to properly store products and remove them from their containers in a sanitary manner. This section provides a basic understanding of several professional nail products.

Name those groups who are not good candidates for paraffin wax treatments.

Avoid paraffin treatments on clients who have impaired circulation or skin irritations such as cuts, burns, rashes, warts, or eczema. · Senior citizens and chronically ill clients may be more sensitive to heat because of medications or thinning of the skin. Ask these clients to bring a written physician's permission prior to having a paraffin treatment .· A test for heat tolerance is performed on all clients the first time they have the service. Drop a patch of wax about 1" (2.5 cm) in diameter on the client's skin to see if the temperatures can be tolerated.

Single-Use Implements

BRUSHES AND APPLICATORS Any brush or applicator that comes into contact with a client's nails or skin during a manicure or pedicure must be properly cleaned and disin-fected before use on another client. If they cannot be properly cleaned and disinfected according to your state's regulations, they must be disposed of after a single use. Check with the manufacturer if you are unsure whether a brush or applicator can be properly cleaned and then disinfected. Nail polish brushes are the exception. They are stored in an oxygen-free, water-free liquid (polish), and the chemicals used in the polishes do not allow for the growth of microbes. However, microbes just picked up by the brush can be carried to another nail if the brush is immediately used to polish. WOODEN PUSHER The wooden pusher (WOHD-en PUSH-uhr) is used to remove dead cuticle tissue from the nail plate, to clean under the free edge of the nail, or to apply products (Figure 6-13). Hold the stick as you would a pencil with the tip at a 20- to 30-degree angle from the nail plate while pushing the cuticle free. It is a sin-gle-use implement and not intended for reuse or disinfec-tion. Apply nail products by completely wrapping the end of the stick with a small piece of cotton and placing or dip-ping the product onto the cotton. If the cotton tip is dipped into the product, enough must be retrieved for the entire application. If more product is needed, the cotton on your wooden pusher must be changed after each application; alternatively, the product can be placed into a dappen dish for use specific to that client and then disposed of to prevent contamination of the product. Using products that have spout lids can shorten the application time. The spout must not touch the cot-ton tip, nail plate, or the skin.

Why is dipping the hands in the paraffin wax not the best option?

Because of infection control concerns, dipping a client's hands into the paraffin tub puts your client at risk for infection.

Paraffin Application

Because of infection control concerns, dipping a client's hands into the paraffin tub puts your client at risk for infection. There are many ways to safely apply paraffin to your client's hands. · Plastic bag application. Put about a half cup of paraffin into a thin plastic bag. Insert the client's hand into the bag. Move the wax around the hand through the bag, covering the surface. · Cheesecloth or paper towels application. While wearing gloves, dip each paper towel or cheesecloth into the paraffin. Hold it by the corners and then raise it up out of the paraffin and let it drip. Do this three times. Now, press each piece of cheese-cloth or paper towel around the hand. Next, cover the client's hand with a plastic cover or plastic wrap. Place the client's hand in a warm, moist towel or an electric heat mitt (Figure 6-27). Do the same thing to the other hand. · Spray paraffin. Paraffin is sprayed on the hands with special equipment. The client's hand is placed in plastic mitts or plastic wrap and then inserted into warm, moist towels or electric mitts. · One-time use gloves. Purchase one-time-use commercial gloves that have paraffin encased in them and heat. Insert the client's hands; the paraffin then heats to become a par-affin mitt. Follow the manufacturer's directions .· Painted-on paraffin. Remove the wax to be used and place it in a small glass bowl. Using a disposable brush, brush the paraffin onto the hands. Next, cover the cli-ent's hands with a plastic cover or plastic wrap. Place the client's hand in a warm, moist towel or an electric heat mitt. Do the same thing to the other hand (Figure 6-28).

Pre-Massage Considerations

Before performing a service that includes a hand and/or arm massage, consult the client's consultation or intake form. During the consultation, acknowledge and discuss any medical condition that your client has listed that may be contraindicated for a massage. If your client has not discussed massage with their physician, encourage them to do so. Many clients who have high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, or circulatory conditions may still have a hand and/or arm massage with-out concern, especially if their condition is stabilized and they are being treated by a physician. Hand and/or arm massage is, however, contraindi-cated for clients with severe, uncontrolled hypertension. Avoid performing vigorous or strong massage techniques on clients who have arthritis. Do not talk to your client during the massage except to ask once whether your touch should be more or less firm. Talking eliminates the relaxation therapy of the massage.

What is the difference between multiuse and single-use implements?

Multiuse implements (mul-tee-YOOS IM-pluh-mentz) are generally stainless steel, as they must be properly cleaned and disinfected prior to use on another client. Less expensive, nickel-plated metal implements will corrode during disinfection and sterilization. Single-use implements (SING-ul YOOS IM-pluh-mentz) cannot be reused and must be thrown away after a one use. Nail technicians should have several clean and disinfected service sets of implements available for use at all times.

Before a Manicure

Performing a paraffin wax treatment before a manicure has advantages: · It allows the client to have their nails polished immediately at the end of the manicure service. · It is a way to soften rough or callused skin. The biggest disadvantage to performing a paraffin treatment before a service is that it cannot be used to hold moisture in the skin through its application over lotions and masks during the treatment section of the manicure.

Colored Polish, Enamel, Lacquer, or Varnish

Colored coatings applied to the natural nail plate are variously known as polish, enamel, lacquer, or varnish. All of these terms are actually marketing terms used to describe the same types of products containing similar ingredients. Polish is a generic term describing any type of solvent-based colored film applied to the nail plate for the purpose of adding color or special visual effects (e.g., sparkles). It is important to note that every polish has acrylic in it, despite the claims of some companies that sell all natural polish. Without acrylic, polish would not harden to the shape of the nail. Also, the chemicals that some people claim to be toxic have long been removed from the formulations of all major polish companies.Polish is usually applied in two coats over a base coat and followed by a topcoat (Figure 6-19).

Client's Arm Cushion

Consider using an 8" (20.3 cm) to 12" (30.5 cm) cush-ion that can be cleaned with soap and water and that is made especially for the comfort of the client's arm. It must be covered with a fresh, clean towel for each client. A clean towel that is folded or rolled to cushion size may also be used instead of a commercially pur-chased table cushion.

Cuticle Removers

Cuticle removers are designed to loosen and dissolve dead tissue on the nail plate so that the tissue can be more easily and thoroughly removed from the nail plate; therefore, they are inappropriate for contact with the living skin of the eponychium. Typically, these products have a high pH (caustic) and are irritating to the skin. Be careful during application that the cuticle remover is applied to the nail plate and not the surrounding skin. These products typically contain 2 to 5 percent sodium or potassium hydroxide plus glycerin or other moisturizing ingredients to counteract their skin-drying effects. They must be used in strict accordance with the manufacturer's directions, and live skin contact must be avoided where possible to counter the effects of the alkaline ingredients. Excessive exposure of the eponychium to cuticle removers can cause live skin and eponychium dryness, as well as hangnails.

Why should sharp tools be avoided when working on clients with health complications?

Depending on your cli-ent, they may have thinner skin, difficulty clotting, or a lowered immune system. A small nick on the skin for these clients can quickly lead to a need for intervention by a medical professional. Do not nip the cuticles. It is better to use a curette to gently remove nonliving tissue from the nail plate. Be sure to use a fine grit abrasive on the nails.When clipping your client's nails, use care. Always look underneath the nails before clipping as there can be skin that is attached to the center of the nail. Simply cutting nails straight across can cut the skin underneath.

Electric Hand/Foot Mitts

These heated mitts are designed to add special treatment to a mani-cure. Heated mitts make for a higher-cost service or can be an add-on to a service. After the massage, conditioning lotion or even a mask may be applied to the hands and/or feet, which are then placed in a plastic cover and inserted into the foot mitts. The warmth helps the conditioning ingredi-ents to penetrate, adds to the comfort of the service, and provides ultimate relaxation for the client. Electric mitts are available for both hands and feet.

Why is sunscreen important in manicuring services?

These lotions contain ingredients that protect the skin from damage caused by ultraviolet rays (UVA and UVB) from the sun

List the services that are included in your state's scope of practice for nail technicians.

During your studies, you will learn about the regulations for performing nail services within your state. These regulations are very import-ant and will help you map out what is called your scope of practice (SOP) (SKOPE UV PRAK-tis), or the list of services that you are legally allowed to perform within your specialty in your state. The SOP may or may not state those services that you cannot legally perform. Your instructor will provide important guidelines for your close adherence to the SOP in your state; however, if you are still unsure, check the cri-teria online or call your state board directly. Know that if you perform services outside those allowed by the regulations, you may lose your license. Also, if a client is harmed while you are performing an illegal service, you are fully liable, both professionally and personally

SAY NO TO STERILIZERS

Electric sterilizers, bead sterilizers, and baby sterilizers should not be used to disinfect or sterilize implements. These devices can spread potentially infectious diseases and should never be used in a salon, spa, or barber-shop. Additionally, UV light units will not disinfect or sterilize implements. Most state rules require that you use liquid disinfecting solutions.According to the CDC Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities (last updated in February 2017), "UV radiation has several potential applications, but unfortunately its germicidal effec-tiveness and use is influenced by organic matter; wavelength; type of suspension; temperature; type of microorganism; and UV intensity." In short, at this time, it is not appropriate for use in the salon environment.

Describe the equipment needed to perform nail services.

Equipment includes all tools used to perform nail services that are not implements. -Manicure table -Adjustable lamp -Chairs, -finger bowl -disinfection container - clients arm cushion -service cushion -gauze and cotton wipe container -covered trash containers -supply tray -electric nail polish dryer -UV or LED Lights Units -autoclave electric -hand/foot mitts -terry cloth mitts -paraffin treatment -ventilation system

What is the main difference between gel polishes and hybrid gels?

Gel polish is a form of nail color that does not dry due to exposure to the air, but cures when placed under a UV or LED lamp. Hybrid gels are gel polishes that combine the best of the polish worlds. They have the durability and gloss of gels but can be removed like polishes with polish remover—although it takes longer. (Gel polishes originally had to be removed through abrasion.) The application is basically the same as traditional polishes, although there are nuances that should be learned through education by the manufacturer of the gel. Gels require a light-cured base coat and topcoat that are opti-mally from the manufacturer that designed the gel polish.

Gloves

Gloves are personal protective equipment (PPE) worn to protect the nail technician from exposure to microbes during services. The Occu-pational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) defines PPEs as "specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard." The hazards this particular standard refers to are bloodborne pathogens (BBPs), pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood, and other body fluids that can cause disease in humans. Gloves are single-use equipment: A new set is used for every cli-ent. Gloves may need to be changed during the service, according to the protocol. Gloves are removed by inverting the cuffs, pulling them off inside out, and then disposing of them into the trash. The glove taken off first is held in the hand with a glove still on it; that glove with the cuff inverted is pulled over the first glove inside out. The first glove is then inside the second one, which has the service side now on the inside against the other glove. Both gloves are dis-posed of together. When you perform a manicure and a pedicure on the same client, you must wear a new set of gloves for each service. If the services require that you move from one place of service to another several times, you will need several sets of gloves. You should wash your hands after removing each set of gloves and before putting on a new set when two services are being performed together or apply antimicrobial gel cleanser between sets of gloves during the same appointment.

What equipment is needed to perform nail services?

Gloves, Dust Mask, Abrasive Nail Files and Buffers, Two-Way or Three-Way Buffer, Single-Use or Terry Cloth Towels, Gauze, Cotton Balls, Pledgets, or Plastic-Backed Pads, Plastic, Wooden, or Metal Spatulas,

Hand creams and Lotions

Hand creams and lotions add a finishing touch to a manicure. Because they soften and smooth the hands, they make the skin and finished manicure look as beautiful as possible. Hand creams are generally designed to be barriers on the skin to help the skin retain its natural moisture or contain penetrating ingredients to soften the skin or repair damage. Their pur-pose is to make the skin on the hands less prone to becoming dry or cracked. Lotion is generally more penetrating than creams and may treat lower levels of the epidermis. Mitts or paraffin dips can be used over a lotion to enhance penetration of the ingredients into the skin.

HYBRID GELS

Hybrid gels are gel polishes that combine the best of the polish worlds. They have the durability and gloss of gels but can be removed like polishes with polish remover—although it takes longer. (Gel polishes originally had to be removed through abrasion.) The application is basically the same as traditional polishes, although there are nuances that should be learned through education by the manufacturer of the gel. Gels require a light-cured base coat and topcoat that are opti-mally from the manufacturer that designed the gel polish.

Demonstrate the basic manicure technique.

If you can get your basic manicure procedure, including polish-ing, down to 30 to 45 minutes at the most (preferably 30 minutes) before you leave your school environment, you will be more attrac-tive as a new hire to employers and more successful throughout the course of your career. Practice until you can perform the skills automatically, without considering what is next in the protocol, and you will demonstrate the confidence and professionalism that clients seek in their nail technician. Three-Part Procedure If you break your nail care procedures down into three parts, it will be easier to keep track of what you are doing, remain organized, and give consistent service. These three parts are: pre-service, service, and post-service. A. PRE-SERVICE PROCEDURE The pre-service procedure is an organized, step-by-step plan for cleaning and disinfecting your tools, implements, and materials; setting up the basic manicuring table; and meeting, greeting, and escorting your client to your service area. B. SERVICE PROCEDURE The service procedure is an organized, step-by-step plan for accomplishing the actual service the client has requested, such as a manicure, a pedicure, or nail tips. C. POST-SERVICE PROCEDURE The post-service procedure is an organized, step-by-step plan for caring for your client after the procedure has been completed. It out-lines how to help your client through the scheduling and payment processes of the salon and provides information on how to prepare for the next client.

What are implements?

Implements are tools used to perform your services. They are multi-ple use (reusable) or single use (disposable). IMPLEMENTS □Metal Pusher □Nail Nippers □Tweezers □Nail Clippers □Brushes and Applicators □Wooden Pusher □Nail Brushes □Disposable Product Application Brushes

List the types of multiuse and single-use implements used during nail services.

Implements are tools used to perform your services. They are multi-ple use (reusable) or single use (disposable). Multiuse implements (mul-tee-YOOS IM-pluh-mentz) are generally stainless steel, as they must be properly cleaned and disinfected prior to use on another client. Less expensive, nickel-plated metal implements will corrode during disinfection and sterilization. Single-use implements (SING-ul YOOS IM-pluh-mentz) cannot be reused and must be thrown away after a one use. Nail technicians should have several clean and disinfected service sets of implements available for use at all times.

NAIL CLIPPERS (Multiuse)

Nail clippers (NAYL KLIP-urz) shorten the free edge quickly and efficiently. If your client's nails are too long, clipping them will save filing time during your service. Clip the nails from each side to prevent stress damage to the sides of the nail plates and then file to shape the nails. Nail clippers must be properly cleaned and disinfected before use on every client. These implements must be stainless steel to be properly disinfected.Many nail technicians prefer to shorten toenails with an implement that is similar to a heavy-duty nail nipper but with a curved shape of the cutting head. These tools are used differently from nail clippers; you start from a side and nip the nail in small bites across the free edge, taking care to trim only the free edge and not to nip the tissues sur-rounding the nails. The nipper jaws are held at a 45-degree angle to the nail, with the tips pointed away from the hyponychium and the lower tip pointed into the free edge.

Nail Conditioners

Nail conditioners contain ingredients to reduce brittleness of the nail. They should be applied as directed by the manufacturer and are espe-cially useful when applied at night before bedtime. They include oils, lotions, or creams.

What is the one exception to the rule when using dispos-able application brushes? brushes can be used to apply nail oils or treat-ments to a client's nails

It is recommended that you purchase inexpen-sive, disposable brushes to apply products that can support bacterial growth. Dip enough product out of the container onto your brush for your entire application or pour a small amount of the product into a clean dappen dish. Dip the application brush into the dish throughout the application and then throw both the brush and the product away after the application is finished.

What are the consequences for you, as a nail technician, if you work outside your SOP?

Know that if you perform services outside those allowed by the regulations, you may lose your license. Also, if a client is harmed while you are performing an illegal service, you are fully liable, both professionally and personally. It is important to note that if you are licensed in one state and then move and become licensed in a different state, the scope of work for your license may change. Always check with the local state board to learn what the laws and regulations are for the state in which you currently live.

Nail Hardener

Nail hardeners are used to improve the surface hardness or durability of weak or thin nail plates. Some can also prevent splitting or peeling of the nail plate, if used properly. Hardeners can be applied before the base coat or after as topcoat, according to the manufacturer's directions.There are several basic types of nail hardeners: A protein hardener (PRO-teen HARD-nur) is a combination of clear polish and protein, such as collagen. This provides a clear, hard coating on the surface of the nail but does not change or affect the natural nail plate itself. Protein (collagen) has very large molecules that cannot be absorbed into the nail plate. Other nail hardeners contain reinforcing fibers, such as nylon, that also cannot be absorbed into the nail plate. Therefore, the protection they provide comes from the coating itself. They are not therapeutic. These products can be used on any natural nail. Nail hardeners do not contain formaldehyde, as was once believed in the industry. The ingredient is actually methylene glycol, an ingredi-ent that creates bridges or cross-links between the keratin strands that make up the natural nail, making the plate stiffer and more resistant to bending and breaking. Methylene glycol is also not irritating to the skin. Dimethyl urea hardeners (DY-meth-il YUR-ee-ah HARD-nurz) use dimethyl urea (DMU) to also add cross-links to the natural nail plate. DMU does not cause adverse skin reactions. This hardener does not work as quickly as a hardener containing methylene glycol, but will not over-harden nails, as the latter can with overuse.

Nail polish Dryer products

Nail polish dryer products are designed to hasten the drying of nail pol-ishes. They are typically applied with a dropper or brush or can be are sprayed onto the surface of the polish. They promote rapid drying by pulling solvents from the nail polish, causing the colored film to form more quickly. These products can dramatically shorten drying time and will reduce the risk of the client smudging a fresh polish application.

Identify the benefits and infection control practices for paraffin wax treatments.

Paraffin (PAYR-uh-fin) wax treatments are designed to trap moisture in the skin while the heat encourages skin pores to accept its benefits. The heat from the warm paraffin increases blood circulation to the skin. This is considered a luxurious add-on service and can be safely per-formed on most clients. Be certain to examine the client's intake form during the client consultation to identify any contraindications to wax or the heat involved.

Paraffin Application Cautions

Read and follow all operating instructions that come with your paraffin heating unit and keep these cautions in mind: -· Avoid paraffin treatments on clients who have impaired circulation or skin irritations such as cuts, burns, rashes, warts, or eczema. -Senior citizens and chronically ill clients may be more sensitive to heat because of medications or thinning of the skin. Ask these clients to bring a written physician's permission prior to having a paraffin Senior citizens and chronically ill clients may be more sensitive to heat because of medications or thinning of the skin. Ask these clients to bring a written physician's permission prior to having a paraffin

What is the most popular nail shape for men and why?

Round nails, which are closest to their natural appearance, are the most common

Nail conditioners contain ingredients to reduce brittleness of the nail. They should be applied as directed by the manufacturer and are espe-cially useful when applied at night before bedtime. They include oils, lotions, or creams.

These lotions contain ingredients that protect the skin from damage caused by ultraviolet rays (UVA and UVB) from the sun (Figure 6-21). UVA is known to cause age spots (hyperpigmentation) on the backs of the hands and damage to the DNA of the cells of the skin. UVB is also known as the burning rays and it is what causes sunburns. Over-exposure to the sun is a major cause of aging and skin cancer. Encour-age your clients to purchase and use broad-spectrum sunscreens on all their exposed skin. Some products only protect from UVA rays; broad-spectrum indicates the product will usually protect from both UVA and UVB rays. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing new requirements for the labeling of these products.

What is the alternative to polishing a man's nails with clear polish?

Some men prefer a colored polish application instead of a clear gloss polish.

What is the difference between a basic manicure and a spa manicure?

Spa manicures, a step beyond basic manicures with added specialty techniques and skin treatments, are fast becoming much-requested and desired salon services; however, they do require more advanced techniques than basic manicures. Nail professionals who advance their education and knowledge of spa manicures and their specialized tech-niques will not only make their clients happy, but their manicures will be very lucrative as well.

Compare the process of a spa manicure and a basic manicure.

Spa manicures, a step beyond basic manicures with added specialty techniques and skin treatments, are fast becoming much-requested and desired salon services; however, they do require more advanced techniques than basic manicures. Nail professionals who advance their education and knowledge of spa manicures and their specialized tech-niques will not only make their clients happy, but their manicures will be very lucrative as well. True spa manicures encompass extensive knowledge of nail care as well as skin care. Many spa manicures are exceptionally pamper-ing, while others target specific results through the use of advanced skin care-based methods. Most include a relaxing massage, and all contain some form of exfoliation for polishing and smoothing the skin as well as enhancing the penetration of professional products. Spa manicures designed for relaxation may be given unique and distinctive names that describe the treatment. For example, the rose garden manicure may incorporate the use of rose oils in the products and rose petals for ambiance. Results-oriented spa manicures, sometimes called treatment manicures, may have names that closely represent their purpose: The anti-aging manicure may include the use of an alpha hydroxy acid-based product for exfoliation and skin rejuvenation; a scrub manicure may exfoliate callused skin or remove dry skin cells. Many may have more imaginative names, such as spot-be-gone, for lightening age spots. Treatment manicures require further training to produce safe and obvious results manicures to meet their personal requirements; they may ask about the products you are using before making an appointment. Some clients may ask for products that are chemical-free; others will insist on all-natural products (Figure 6-26). To attract this clien-tele, you must be prepared to provide products that will meet their requirements and to describe the products and their benefits. Despite what product marketing implies, few truly all-natural prod-ucts are commercially available because of their short shelf life. None are chemical-free because even air and water contain chemicals! When faced with clients who feel strongly about their beliefs—whether or not their information is base

Nail Creams, Lotions, and Oils

These products are designed to soften dry skin around the nail plate and to increase the flexibility of natural nails. They are especially effective on nails that appear to be brittle or dry and are the number one nail product that should be sold to manicure and pedicure clients. Nail creams (NAYL KREEMZ) are barrier products: They contain ingredients designed to seal the surface of the skin around the nails and hold in the subdermal moisture in the skin. Nail oils (NAYL OYLZ) are designed to be absorbed into the nail plate to increase flexibility and into the surrounding skin to soften and moisturize. Typically, oils and lotions can penetrate the nail plate or skin and will have longer-lasting effects than creams. However, all three can be highly effective and useful for clients, especially as daily use home care products.

METAL PUSHER (Multiuse)

The metal pusher (meh-TAL PUSH-uhr), many times incorrectly called a cuticle pusher, is actually not to be used to push back the eponychium. It is designed to gently scrape cuticle tissue from the natural nail plate. Metal pushers must be stainless steel and used carefully so they do not cause damage to the nail and the nail matrix or lead to microscopic trauma or injury to the tissues. Improper use on the nail plate can cause grooving in the nail plate. Damage to the nail matrix can cause nail growth problems, and tiny microscopic openings in the skin can allow microbes to enter through the skin that can lead to infection.If you have rough or sharp edges on your metal pusher, use an abrasive to smooth or remove them. This prevents digging into the nail plate or potentially damaging the protective barriers created by the eponychium and cuticle. Take care not to thin the file's edges into a blade, which would allow it to cut the tissue.Hold the metal pusher the way you hold a pencil, with the flat end held at a 20- to 30-degree angle from the nail plate. With the spoon end, carefully loosen and push back the dead cuticle tissue on the nail plate (Figure 6-10).

The Polish Application

The most successful nail polish application is achieved by applying a total of four coats. The first, the base coat, is followed by two coats of polish color and one application of topcoat to give a protective seal. The appli-cation techniques are the same for all polishes, base coats, and topcoats. Professional nail technicians practice the three-stroke method. Apply one light stroke of polish down the middle and one on each side of the nail. This allows full polish coverage over the entire nail plate. In addition to an improved appearance, the purpose of applying multiple layers of product is to improve the longevity and durability of the polish. By building layer upon layer, you will improve its adhesion and staying power. Apply thin, even coats for maximum smoothness and minimum drying time. When you have completed the polish application, the nail should look smooth, evenly polished, and shiny.

Chairs

The nail technician's chair should be selected for ergonomics, comfort, durability, resistance to staining, and ease of cleaning. The most appro-priate chair has wheels to allow the technician maneuverability and hydraulics to allow up-and-down adjustment (Figure 6-3).The client's chair must be durable and comfortable. For the comfort of clients, select a chair that has no or low arms on the sides so it can be moved closer to the table. This will allow the client's arms to rest on the nail table and prevent the client and nail technician from needing to stretch forward. The chair should also have a supportive back so the client can sit comfortably and relax during the service. The client chair should not have wheels: Such chairs are unstable and can cause falling accidents for elderly or weak clients.

Terry Cloth Mitts

These washable mitts are placed over a client's hands or feet after a pen-etrating conditioning product has been applied, and a cover is placed over the product to prevent it from getting onto the mitts. These mitts are routinely used over paraffin to maintain the heat for a longer time or over masks to encourage the natural heat from the skin to enhance penetration of the product's ingredients.

Ventilation System

The products used when performing nail services may contain chemicals that can affect a worker's well-being. Exposure to nail dust and chemical odors and vapors can affect one's breathing and respiratory health. These symp-toms do not show up immediately but can sometimes take months or even years to appear. Proper ventilation should be used in the salon to protect nail technicians from becom-ing overexposed to vapors and dust. Fans and open widows are not substitutes for proper ven-tilation; they will simply circulate vapors and dust around the room. Fans and open windows will actually push the vapors down closer to the ground where clients and technicians are more likely to inhale them. They do not protect the breathing zone, which is an invisible 2-foot sphere around the nail tech-nician's head/face. One of the most effective ways to ensure safe working conditions is local source capture ventilation sys-tems. These systems are designed to capture vapors and dust at the source and remove them from the air before they have a chance to escape into the salon (Figure 6-8). Many types of local exhaust systems are mobile and can be easily trans-ported from one station to another. Some salons have ventilated tables with filters. In order for these to improve the air quality, these filters need to be changed regularly. It is best if the tables are vented to the outside. There are also portable downdraft vent machines that use a powerful fan to pull down and capture chem-ical vapors and nail dust into a two-stage carbon filter ( Figure 6-9). These carbon filter vent machines sit directly below the nail technician's breathing zone, capturing dust and vapors right at the source. The fan pulls the nail dust and odor down through the filter, leaving odor and chemi-cal-free air at the source.

Two-Way or Three-Way Buffer

The two- or three-way buffer abrasive technology replaces the chamois that becomes contaminated with multiple uses and creates a beautiful shine on nails ( Figure 6-16). The buffer is shaped like a two-sided nail file, long and narrow, with one or two additional grit abrasives and a final shine surface. Begin with the lowest-grit abra-sive surface in the smoothing task, move to the larger grit, and then finally on to the shining surface (usually no grit). The result is a glossy shine on the nails. This buffer is generally used on natural nails and in the final steps of the two-color application of acrylic nails, such as the Services French manicure look, to produce beautiful, smooth nails that will be worn with sheer or clear polish only. Most two- or three-way buffers are single-use only and must be thrown away after each use. The salon or technician must find an inexpensive source for purchasing them if regulations in the state allow their use.

Gauze and Cotton Wipe Container

This container holds cotton, lint-free wipes, or gauze squares for use during the services. It must have a lid to protect the contents from dust and contaminants.

TWEEZERS (Multiuse)

Tweezers are multiuse implements that can be used for lifting small bits of debris from the nail plate, retrieving and placing nail art, removing implements from disinfectant solutions, and much more (Figure 6-12). They must be properly cleaned and disinfected before use on any client, as they may come in contact with a client's skin or nails. They must be stainless steel in order to be disinfected after use.

Why is hand washing so important to perform before and after each client?

To prevent the spread of communicable disease, it is imperative to wash your hands before and after each client and to have your clients wash their hands before they sit down at your cleaned and disinfected manicure table. Your regular clients should be so well trained in the practice of hand washing before any procedure that they go directly to the washing station before coming to your nail table. Refer to Procedure 5-1 in Milady Standard Foundations.

Single-Use or Terry Cloth Towels

Towels are an example of materials that do not require immersion dis-infection if they are properly laundered by the salon or laundry. Cloth towels must be washed between clients; paper towels must be thrown away after use. Each client should use a fresh, clean terry cloth towel or a new disposable paper towel after washing their hands. The best terry cloth towel for use in a personal service is white, as it can be bleached during washing between uses. Other clean towels are used to cover any surfaces that cannot be disinfected during each manicure, including the work area. If spills occur on the table, use a terry cloth or disposable towel to wipe them from the surface.

Name four additional techniques that can be incorporated into a spa manicure.

True spa manicures encompass extensive knowledge of nail care as well as skin care. Many spa manicures are exceptionally pamper-ing, while others target specific results through the use of advanced skin care-based methods. Most include a relaxing massage, and all contain some form of exfoliation for polishing and smoothing the skin as well as enhancing the penetration of professional products.Spa manicures designed for relaxation may be given unique and distinctive names that describe the treatment. For example, the rose garden manicure may incorporate the use of rose oils in the products and rose petals for ambiance.Results-oriented spa manicures, sometimes called treatment manicures, may have names that closely represent their purpose: The anti-aging manicure may include the use of an alpha hydroxy acid-based product for exfoliation and skin rejuvenation; a scrub manicure may exfoliate callused skin or remove dry skin cells. Many may have more imaginative names, such as spot-be-gone, for lightening age spots. Treatment manicures require further training to produce safe and obvious results.

UV or LED Light Units

Ultraviolet (UV) lamps (ul-truh-VY-uh-let LAMPS) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (LYT ee-MITT-ing DYE-ode LAMPS) are light units, although many clients think of them as dryers. They are designed to cure, not dry, polishes that contain an ingredient sensitive to the UVA wavelength of the bulb in the dryer. To learn more about UV and LED light unites, refer to Chapter 12, Gel Nail Enhancements.

Dust Mask

Use a high-quality, properly fitted dust mask when transfer-ring chemicals from one container to another or when buff-ing or filing nails. It is best to use a round dust mask with a metal strip that you can adjust to fit the bridge of your nose. Properly fitted dust masks rated N-95 are highly effec-tive and an excellent choice for preventing inhalation over-exposure to dusts (Figure 6-14). Choose a mask designed specifically for dusts, mists, or molds to ensure that it will be effective in the salon setting. Paper dust masks protect you from nail filing dust but not chemicals. Masks are not intended for long-term use and should be replaced daily to remain effective. You can wear an air-purifying respirator to filter chemical vapors or use an air purifying ventilation sys-tem at your table. Make sure you purchase a professional air purifier designed for heavy-duty use, not one designed primarily for residential use.

Plastic, Wooden, or Metal Spatulas

Use a single-use plastic, wooden, or multiuse metal spatula when removing products from their respective containers to prevent con-tamination of the products and the spread of disease. If a plastic or metal spatula comes into contact with your or the client's skin, it must be properly cleaned and disinfected before being used again or dis-posed of and replaced with a new, disposable spatula. Dispose of a wooden spatula when it comes into contact with your or the client's skin. In addition, never use the same spatula to remove unlike prod-ucts from different containers, as the chemistry of the products may not be the same.

Why is it important to know and understand the steps in a basic manicure?

is the foundation of all nail technology services; it is vital that you know and recognize all of the components neces-sary for making this service successful A manicure. is a cosmetic treatment of the hands involving cutting, shaping, and often polishing the nails; removal of the cuticles; and softening of the skin. The information you learn for the basic manicure will serve as a foundation for all the other nail services that you will perform in your career.

What is massage?

is the manipulation of the soft tissues of the body. It is an ancient therapeutic treatment with many benefits: It promotes circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxes the muscles, and offers relief from pain. A hand and arm massage is a special service that can be offered with all manicures and can be performed on most clients.

Demonstrate the massage techniques for the nail professional.

is the manipulation of the soft tissues of the body. It is an ancient therapeutic treatment with many benefits: It promotes circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxes the muscles, and offers relief from pain. A hand and arm massage is a special service that can be offered with all manicures and can be performed on most clients. A massage is one of the client's highest priorities during the mani-cure and is often the most memorable part of the manicure. Most clients look forward to its soothing and relaxing effects. The massage manipulations should be executed with rhythmic, long, and smooth movements; the technician should always have one hand on the client's arm or hand during the movements and the transitions between them. Hand and arm massages are said to be optional during a basic mani-cure and in the shorter express or demonstration manicures. However, at least some massage needs to be designed into the protocol because the relaxation instilled by that portion of the service may be what brings the client back for a more upscale manicure.

How should you properly dispose of used acetone?

must be saved in a fire department- approved metal container and disposed of as hazardous waste.

Are cuticle nippers and metal pushers are considered equipment?

no

Why are liquid soaps recommended over bar soaps?

because bar soap harbors bacteria and can become a breeding ground for pathogenic (disease-producing) bacteria.

Name two types of personal protective equipment (PPE)

gloves, Dusk Mask,

Nail Nippers (Multiuse)

is a stainless-steel implement used to care-fully trim away dead skin around the nails. It is never used to cut, rip, or tear live tissue, as the live nail fold tissue is important to ward off. microbes and prevent infection around the nail plate. Nippers must be cleaned and disinfected before use on every client, taking special care to open the hinges for cleaning and disinfecting. Always maintain a sharp edge on your nippers to prevent accidental ripping and tearing into the live tissue. It is important that you learn the correct use of nail nippers while in school. To use nippers, hold your thumb around one handle and three fingers around the other, with the blades fac-ing the nail plate. Your index finger is placed on the box joint to help control the blade and guide it properly (Figure 6-11).

Why is a consultation necessary each time a client has a service in the salon?

is an opportunity for the nail technician to get to know the client and understand their expectations or needs. Do not rush through the consultation—it is a vital part of the service.If the client is new to the salon, they should already have filled out the information on the consultation form in the waiting area. Use this information to perform the client consultation. Look at the forms closely for important responses from the client and then record your observa-tions after the service

Is a wooden pusher a single-use or multiuse implement? Why?

single use, you must throw away after first use

List four alternatives to dipping when applying paraffin wax

· Plastic bag application. Put about a half cup of paraffin into a thin plastic bag. Insert the client's hand into the bag. Move the wax around the hand through the bag, covering the surface .· Cheesecloth or paper towels application. While wearing gloves, dip each paper towel or cheesecloth into the paraffin. Hold it by the corners and then raise it up out of the paraffin and let it drip. Do this three times. Now, press each piece of cheese-cloth or paper towel around the hand. Next, cover the client's hand with a plastic cover or plastic wrap. Place the client's hand in a warm, moist towel or an electric heat mitt (Figure 6-27). Do the same thing to the other hand. -Spray paraffin. Paraffin is sprayed on the hands with special equipment. The client's hand is placed in plastic mitts or plastic wrap and then inserted into warm, moist towels or electric mitts. · One-time use gloves. Purchase one-time-use commercial gloves that have paraffin encased in them and heat. Insert the client's hands; the paraffin then heats to become a par-affin mitt. Follow the manufacturer's directions .· Painted-on paraffin. Remove the wax to be used and place it in a small glass bowl. Using a disposable brush, brush the paraffin onto the hands. Next, cover the cli-ent's hands with a plastic cover or plastic wrap. Place the client's hand in a warm, moist towel or an electric heat mitt. Do the same thing to the other hand (Figure 6-28)

Explain why you should learn about manicuring.

· The appearance of nails and hands has become a visual benchmark in our society in the assessment of a person, both socially and professionally. · Fashions are continuously changing, and nail professionals should stay current with new trends in the nail industry. · Some clients cannot, due to health issues, maintain their own nails; and others prefer to have a knowledgeable professional perform this task for them. · Clients love the relaxation and pampering that manicures provide in this stressful world.