Chapter 6

A 16-year-old female complains of vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping that began several hours ago. During your assessment interview, you should:

Inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible.

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What age group is considered a toddler?

1-3 years

Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct?

Interconnections between brain cells often prevent a loss of knowledge or skill, despite a loss of neurons.

In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:

Increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.

Persons who are from 1 month to 1 year of age

Infants

Why do middle adults commonly experience financial concerns?

They are preparing for retirement but must still manage everyday financial demands.

Persons who are 1 to 3 years of age

Toddlers

Atherosclerosis is defined as ________.

the blockage of a coronary artery

What do vital signs depend on for late adults ?

Health, medical conditions and medications

Other age related changes in late adults typically include:

1. Decrease in heart rate 2. Decline in cardiac output 3. Inability to elevate cardiac output to match the demands of the body 4. Stiffness of the vascular system 5. Ability to produce replacement blood cells declines, as does blood volume 6. Size of airway increases but surface area of alveoli decreases 7. Natural elasticity of lungs decrease (Aspiration and obstruction are more likely) 8. Residual volume increase 9. Insulin production drops off 10. Metabolism decreases

In late adults, what is lost or decreases:

1. Neurons (lost) 2. Sleep patterns (lost) 3. Sexual desire (decrease) 4. Hormone production for both sexes gradually decreases

Separation anxiety in infants occurs:

10 to 18 Months

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?

10 to 18 months

In the central nervous system the brain may shrink ___ % to _____% by age 80.

10, 20

Adolescents

12 to 18 years

What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?

12-20 breaths/min

What is the maximum life expectancy for late adults?

120 years

Early Adults

19 to 40 years

Kidney mass decreases by ____ in late adults.

20%

Infants often land head first because their head account for ___ of their total body weight.

25%

Neonates can grow

30g per day

School age children grow:

4 lb & 2.5 cm each year

Middle adults

41-60

How many years before death for most late adults retain high brain function?

5 years

Kidney filtration decreases from age 20 to 90 by ___%

50

A neonate usually weighs

6 to 8 lb

Late Adults

61 and older

The average pulse rate of persons between 19 and 60 years of age is:

70 beats/min.

The pulse rate of a child from ages 6 to 12 years is approximately:

70 to 120 beats/min.

Infants younger than ___ months are prone to nasal congestion

8

The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:

9 and 18 months.

A normal systolic blood pressure for a 30-year-old is between:

90 and 140 mm Hg.

What percent of elderly live at home

95%

Persons who are 12 to 18 years of age

Adolescents

Which of the following is an anatomic difference between children and adults?

An infant's tongue is proportionately larger than an adult's.

A bond between an infant and his or her parent or caregiver in which the infant is repeatedly rejected and develops an isolated lifestyle that does not depend on the support and care of others

Anxious-avoidant attachment

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular declines with age due to _______

Atherosclerosis

Injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium across body surfaces; for example, from too much pressure in the lungs

Barotrauma

An infant's blood pressure typically increases with age because:

Blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.

The formation of a close, personal relationship

Bonding

What increases in middle adults?

Cancer increases

Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?

Cardiovascular health becomes an issue in this age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.

A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society

Conventional reasoning

Persons who are 19 to 40 years of age

Early adults

Breathing is often more labor intensive in older adults because the:

Elasticity of the lungs decreases.

Areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age

Fontanelles

One of the portions of the nephron is called:

Glomeruli

What happens to preschoolers passive immunity?

It is lost

Menopause occurs:

Late 40's and early 50's

Taste sensation & saliva secretion decreases in:

Late Adults

Ability of intestines to contrast and move food diminishes at what age?

Late adults

Gallstones become increasingly common in:

Late adults

Persons who are 61 years old or older

Late adults

The average amount of years a person can be expected to live

Life expectancy

Age related shrinkage creates void between brain & outermost layer of the ____

Meninges

Persons who are 41 to 60 years of age

Middle adults

An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things.

Moro reflex

Persons who are birth to 1 month of age

Neonate

The basic filtering units in the kidneys

Nephrons

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infants grasps the object

Palmar grasp

Blood pressure corresponds to :

Patients weight

What sensation nerve diminishes in late adults?

Peripheral nerve

A type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on his or her conscience

Postconventional reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment to get what he or she wants.

Preconventional reasoning

Persons who are 3 to 6 years of age

Preschoolers

An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch

Rooting reflex

A person who is 6 to 12 years of age

School age

Which of the following is a physical change that typically occurs in the adolescent age group?

Secondary sexual development begins

A bond between an infant and his or her parent or caregiver in which the infant understands that his or her parents or caregivers will be responsive to his or her needs and take care of him or her when he or she needs help

Secure attachment

In late adults, motor and sensory nerves become:

Slower

You are dispatched to a call for a 4-month-old infant with respiratory distress. While you prepare to take care of this child, you must remember that:

Small infants are nose breathers and require clear nasal passages at all times.

An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stoked

Sucking reflex

The theory that a person's mental function declines in the last 5 years of life

Terminal drop hypothesis

With increasing age, the heart must work harder to move the blood effectively because:

The blood vessels become stiff.

Which of the following describes the Moro reflex?

The neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads his or her fingers, and seems to grasp at something after being startled

True or False: Hearing loss is 4 times more common than vision loss in late adults

True

True or false: Anal Sphincter changes can produce fecal incontinence in late adults

True

True or false: Older adults are able to overcome numerous medical problems (but not traumatic medical problems as much)

True

A phrase that refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust of their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized and routine

Trust and mistrust

High-risk behaviors usually peak during ________.

adolescence

When you are communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that:

age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.

When you are assessing an 80-year-old patient in shock, it is important to remember that:

age-related changes in the cardiovascular system may make the patient less able to compensate for decreased perfusion.

When do social behavior and peer pressure peak in with adolescents?

at age 14 to 16

Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?

decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production

The areas of the infant's skull that have not yet fused together are called ________

fontanelles

You suspect that a 75-year-old man has internal injuries after he fell and struck his ribs and abdomen on the corner of a table. When assessing and treating an injured patient of this age, you must recall that:

his ability to physiologically compensate for his injury may be impaired due to an inability to increase cardiac output

Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:

increased surface area available for air exchange.

Which of the following is NOT a common factor that would affect a 75-year-old patient's vital signs?

increased weight

The respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute in an infant is ________.

normal

An infant or small toddler would MOST likely gain trust in a person who:

provides an organized, routine environment.

You are assessing a 13-month-old girl who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination, you will MOST likely find that she:

responds to her name but is fearful of your presence.

In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:

shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.

Older adults frequently ___________.

take multiple medications