Chapter 7-8

A measure of children's knowledge about particular academic subjects, such as reading, writing, or mathematics. a. Scaffolding test b. Bilingual test c. Phonics test d. Achievement test

d. Achievement test

The spongy tissue that connects various areas of the brain to one another as well as to parts of the spinal cord. a. Muscle fibers b. Grey matter c. Myelin d. White matter

d. White matter

Which of the following affects the skeletal system during childhood? A: All of the choices are correct. B: Hormone levels. C: Nutrition. D: Genetics.

A: All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not a factor contributing to childhood obesity? A: Lack of sports role models. B: Lack of recreational facilities. C: Lack of healthy food options. D: Lack of green spaces for physical activity.

A: Lack of sports role models.

The _______________ examines increases in cognitive abilities such as attention, reasoning, problem solving, memory, and metacognition. A: information-processing perspective B: concrete operational theory C: sociocultural cultural perspective D: cognitive load perspective

A: information-processing perspective

The web-based visualization and assessment tools that accompany this textbook are a contemporary example of Vygotsky's concept of A: scaffolding. B: seriation. C: cognitive load. D: transitivity.

A: scaffolding

According to Erikson, children work out the crisis of industry versus inferiority within A: the world of formal education. B: themselves. C: their families. D: the working memory.

A: the world of formal education.

Myelination in the ______ part of the brain results in faster communication between left and right hemisphere, while myelination in the ________ part of the brain results in faster action of neurons. A: white; gray B: synaptic; prefrontal cortex C: prefrontal cortex; synaptic D: gray; white

A: white; gray

Which of the following is a criticism of attempts to test and define intelligence? A: Simply learning test skills can improve scores. B: All of the choices are correct. C: Intelligence testing can lead to hasty and false generalizations about different cultures. D: Intelligence testing ignores cultural contexts.

B: All of the choices are correct.

A(n) __________ goal downplays ability level and peer comparison, whereas a(n) _________ goal emphasizes ability level and competition. A: performance; mastery B: mastery; performance C: interpersonal; self-management D: self-management; interpersonal

B: mastery; performance

The _______ approach to teaching reading breaks words down into their constituent sounds, whereas the _______ approach to teaching reading focuses on the meaning and relationships between and among words. A: language immersion; ESL B: phonics; whole-language C: whole-language; phonics D: ESL; language immersion

B: phonics; whole-language

_______________ factors decrease the likelihood that a childhood will develop resilience, while _______________ factors increase the likelihood that a child will develop resilience. A: Social adversity; familial adversity B: Familial adversity; social adversity C: Risk; protective D: Protective; risk

C: Risk; protective

Children with ________________ have impaired social communication and interaction skills, which makes participation in school more difficult. A: intrapersonal development disorder B: developmental context disorder C: autism spectrum disorder D: attention-deficit disorder

C: autism spectrum disorder

The ability to understand ________ (that objects, places, and things remain constant even though their physical properties change) is an important aspect of Piaget's third stage of cognitive development. A: transitivity B: classification C: conservation D: technology-enhanced visualization and assessment tools

C: conservation

Children with _______________ parents are more immature, irresponsible, and socially incompetent. A: engaged B: authoritative C: disengaged D: impoverished

C: disengaged

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized for its A: lack of separate levels of moral reasoning. B: lack of both male and female research participants. C: gender bias. D: heteronomous morality.

C: gender bias.

In the case of divorces that do not involve abuse or neglect, it is important to establish _______________ despite long-lasting conflict between parents. A: noncustodial parent isolation B: parental distinctness C: parental continuity D: clear allegiances

C: parental continuity

Children with strong _______________ appear to be better at emotion regulation than children with weak skills in this area. A: motor development B: bones C: vocabularies D: parental influences

C: vocabularies

Which of the following factors influence self-concept in middle and late childhood? A: Culture. B: Peer feedback. C: Parental influences. D: All of the choices are correct.

D: All of the choices are correct.

________ is one motor development improvement that helps children develop their handwriting skills as they get older. A: Seriation B: Myelination C: Cognition D: Flexibility

D: Flexibility

According to researchers, which of the following is one of the strongest predictors of peer rejection? A: school performance B: parental income level C: learning disorders D: aggression

D: aggression

Two key factors that determine the quality of sibling relationships are _______________ and A: sibling height differences; sibling weight differences. B: moral development; cognitive development. C: schools; sibling number. D: parent-child interaction; sibling temperament.

D: parent-child interaction; sibling temperament.

A chronic illness in which the airways of the lung constrict, resulting in decreased airflow. a. Asthma b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) c. Seriation d. Automatization

a. Asthma

Piaget's observation that as children get older they begin to see morality as more flexible and consider the intentions of other people's behavior. a. Autonomous morality b. Co-rumination c. Neglected children d. Rejected children

a. Autonomous morality

Unwanted aggressive behavior by another youth or group of youths that involves a power imbalance and is repeated multiple times. a. Bullying b. Autonomous morality c. Self-efficacy d. Co-rumination

a. Bullying

The total number of items that must be attended to by one's working memory, where information is temporarily stored and manipulated. a. Cognitive load b. Intelligence quotient (IQ) c. Reaction time d. White matter

a. Cognitive load

A process in which a team of psychological and legal experts works with families undergoing divorce to protect the child(ren) and resolve roadblocks, facilitating an amicable divorce with minimal legal entanglements. a. Collaborative divorce b. Coping c. Self-efficacy d. Co-rumination

a. Collaborative divorce

A form of reading instruction that emphasizes the segments of sounds in words in the learning of reading skills. a. Phonics approach b. English as a second language (ESL) c. Classification d. Whole-language approach

a. Phonics approach

Children with high numbers of positive nominations and low negative nominations in a sociometric analysis. a. Popular children b. Average children c. Rejected children d. Controversial children

a. Popular children

The frontmost part of the frontal lobe that is responsible for complex thought, planning, and problem solving. a. Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Axon d. Dendrite

a. Prefrontal cortex

A positive factor in a child's life that bolsters his or her well-being and likelihood for resilience, such as high self-efficacy, authoritative parenting, and competent and caring friends. a. Protective factor b. Risk factor c. Sibling factor d. Self-concept factor

a. Protective factor

The process of learning a second, nonnative language. a. Second-language learning b. Automatization c. Whole-language approach d. Phonics approach

a. Second-language learning

Judgments of worth that children make about themselves and the feelings that those judgments elicit. a. Self-esteem b. Sibling rivalry c. Autonomous morality d. Preconventional morality

a. Self-esteem

The competitive quality found in some sibling relationships. a. Sibling rivalry b. Self-efficacy c. Co-rumination d. Self-esteem

a. Sibling rivalry

The process of learning about one's abilities and characteristics by observing how they compare with others'. a. Social comparison b. Collaborative divorce c. Heteronomous morality d. Autonomous morality

a. Social comparison

Ennis is a sixth grader who shows defiant and disruptive behavior. His dad tends to push him around at home, which makes Ennis feel a strong need to dominate somebody else. Ennis is most likely to be ____. a. a bully b. a victim of a bully c. a witness to bullying d. completely uninvolved in bullying

a. a bully

During Piaget's stage of moral relativism, children are able to consider intentions when judging actions and can make up their own rules for games. These are characteristics of ______. a. autonomous morality b. heteronomous morality c. absolutist morality d. hegemonies morality

a. autonomous morality

The child's smoother and less splashy swimming stroke is a result of improvements in the _______ of her motor skills. a. efficiency b. consistency c. flexibility d. plasticity

a. efficiency

Erikson believed that children who experience growing self-esteem and a sense of their own skill are developing _____. a. industry b. latency c. inferiority d. morality

a. industry

Compared to their parents, today's children show increases in all of these EXCEPT _______. a. life expectancy b. asthma c. obesity d. chronic stress

a. life expectancy

Children with few of either type of nomination in a sociometric analysis. a. Neglected children b. Popular children c. Controversial children d. Average children

a. neglected children

Research shows that, when ____ siblings have ____ temperaments, sibling relationship quality is ____. a. older; easy; positive b. younger; difficult; positive c. younger; easy; negative d. older; easy; negative

a. older; easy; positive

A teacher who breaks down words into their constituent sounds is using the _______ approach for teaching students to read. a. phonics b. triarchic c. whole-language d. metalinguistic

a. phonics

A child's ability to focus on just one thing, in spite of all the surrounding distractions, is called _______. a. selective attention b. automaticity c. transitivity d. metacognition

a. selective attention

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and interaction, and repetitive behaviors. a. Scaffolding b. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) c. Metamemory d. Long-term memory

b. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

The allocation of attentional resources to perform simple, repetitive behaviors. a. Efficiency b. Automatization c. Phonics approach d. Metacognition

b. Automatization

Academic instruction in two languages: a native language and a secondary language. a. Metalinguistic learning b. Bilingual education c. Seriation learning d. Language immersion

b. Bilingual education

The act of dwelling on negative occurrences and feelings. a. Bullying b. Co-rumination c. Collaboration d. Coping

b. Co-rumination

Children with high numbers of positive nominations and high negative nominations in a sociometric analysis. a. Popular children b. Controversial children c. Average children d. Neglected children

b. Controversial children

Bullying that takes place through technology, such as e-mail, chat rooms, text message, or social media. a. Bullying b. Cyberbullying c. Rejecting d. Neglecting

b. Cyberbullying

The muscular and cardiovascular system energy expended to perform a physical action. a. Asthma b. Efficiency c. Metamemory d. Sensory memory

b. Efficiency

Significantly above-average intellectual functioning as indicated by an IQ of 130 or higher. a. Metacognition b. Gifted c. Automatization d. Selective attention

b. Gifted

Piaget's description of a child's first idea of what is right and wrong and the sense that morality is an external, unchangeable set of rules with a focus on consequences of behavior. a. Autonomous morality b. Heteronomous morality c. Self-efficacy d. Industry versus inferiority stage

b. Heteronomous morality

Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development, which takes place within the world of formal education, leading to a sense of competence or a move away from social interactions. a. Trust versus mistrust stage b. Industry versus inferiority stage c. Preoperational stage d. Sensorimotor stage

b. Industry versus inferiority stage

A disorder characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning (an IQ of 70 or lower) and impaired adaptive functioning, with onset prior to 18 years of age. a. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. Intellectual disability c. Automatization d. Selective attention

b. Intellectual disability

A score calculated from results on an intelligence test originally derived from the formula of (Mental age/Chronological age)×100, resulting in an average score of 100. a. Achievement quotient b. Intelligence quotient (IQ) c. Creative quotient d. Sensory quotient

b. Intelligence quotient (IQ)

An achievement goal that focuses on self-improvement and skill development, while downplaying ability level and peer comparison. a. Achievement test b. Mastery goal c. Selective attention d. Intelligence quotient (IQ)

b. Mastery goal

The process of knowing about knowing. a. Cognitive load b. Metacognition c. Selective attention d. Creative intelligence

b. Metacognition

Understanding the complexity of language and the fact that language relies on context as well as individual word meaning. a. Concrete operational stage b. Metalinguistic awareness c. Transitivity d. Intelligence quotient (IQ)

b. Metalinguistic awareness

National legislation enacted in 2001 directing all public schools to increase standards in academics and allow flexibility of school choice. a. Bilingual education b. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act c. English as a second language (ESL) d. Classification

b. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act

The time involved in responding to a stimulus. a. Concrete time b. Reaction time c. Selective time d. Automatization

b. Reaction time

____ is an equal giving-and-taking between partners and a defining feature of friendship. a. Co-rumination b. Reciprocity c. Similarity d. Perspective taking

b. Reciprocity

Children with high numbers of negative nominations and low positive nominations in a sociometric analysis. a. Controversial children b. Rejected children c. Average children d. Popular children

b. Rejected children

Positive adjustment in the face of significant risk. a. Co-rumination b. Resilience c. Moral realism d. Emotion regulation

b. Resilience

The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports, which may be verbal or physical. a. Whole-language approach b. Scaffolding c. Bilingual education d. Classification

b. Scaffolding

The ability to briefly store sensory information so that it may be processed. a. Analytical intelligence b. Sensory memory c. Whole-language approach d. Metalinguistic awareness

b. Sensory memory

An effortful plan deliberately used to solve a specific problem. a. Cognitive load b. Strategy c. Achievement test d. Bilingual education

b. Strategy

The logical rule that says, if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C. a. Reaction time b. Transitivity c. Achievement test d. Analytical intelligence

b. Transitivity

A form of reading instruction that emphasizes communication over particular elements of reading and writing, such as spelling or sounds. a. Analytical intelligence b. Whole-language approach c. Phonics approach d. Bilingual education

b. Whole-language approach

The ability to keep a small amount of information (7 ± 2 items) in an active, ready-to-use state for a short time. a. Metalinguistic awareness b. Working (short-term) memory c. Reaction time d. Creative intelligence

b. Working (short-term) memory

Which goal of schooling is the focus of the No Child Left Behind Act? a. instilling moral behavior b. academic preparation c. encouraging creativity d. impairing discipline

b. academic preparation

Howard Gardner believes that all of the following are intelligences EXCEPT _______. a. linguistic b. cultural c. intrapersonal d. naturalistic

b. cultural

Aiden does a favor for his friend only when his friend does a favor for him. Aiden is reasoning using which of Kohlberg's orientations? a. universal ethics b. instrumental-exchange c. social contract d. good-child

b. instrumental-exchange

Abstract, verbal, mathematical, and logical types of thinking. a. Bilingual intelligence b. Metacognition c. Analytical intelligence d. Cognitive load

c. Analytical intelligence

Children who get slightly more nominations than neglected children but not enough to rank in one of the categories. a. Rejected children b. Autonomous children c. Average children d. Popular children

c. Average children

Able to speak two languages. a. Phonics-proficient b. Flexible c. Bilingual d. Whole-language fluent

c. Bilingual

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, in which school-age children begin to think logically about concrete events. a. Trust versus mistrust stage b. Sensorimotor stage c. Concrete operational stage d. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage

Level 2 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is guided by laws and social norms. a. Industry versus inferiority stage b. Autonomous morality c. Conventional morality d. Preconventional morality

c. Conventional morality

Language education programs, in which non-English speaking students are taught English. a. Cognitive load b. Automatization c. English as a second language (ESL) d. Metacognition

c. English as a second language (ESL)

The parts of the brain that contain neuron cell bodies and some of their connections. a. Working (short-term) memory b. Sensory memory c. Gray matter d. White matter

c. Gray matter

The vast and virtually limitless store of knowledge and prior events. a. Automatization b. Analytical intelligence c. Long-term memory d. Cognitive load

c. Long-term memory

An achievement goal that emphasizes ability level and competition among peers. a. Analytical goal b. Mastery goal c. Performance goal d. Selective goal

c. Performance goal

Level 3 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is guided by universal ethical principles. a. Preconventional morality b. Conventional morality c. Postconventional morality d. Autonomous morality

c. Postconventional morality

Common sense needed for real-world situations that require adaptation and basic knowledge. a. Working (short-term) memory b. Cognitive load c. Practical intelligence d. Transitivity

c. Practical intelligence

A negative factor in a child's life that endangers his or her well-being and likelihood for resilience, such as insecure attachment to a primary caregiver, parental death, and neighborhood violence. a. Cyberbullying b. Self-efficacy c. Risk factor d. Protective factor

c. Risk factor

One's perceived ability to be successful in accomplishing specific goals. a. Resilience b. Self-esteem c. Self-efficacy d. Moral realism

c. Self-efficacy

A term used in the popular media to describe a preadolescent, or a young person who shares characteristics of both children and teenagers. a. Autonomous child b. Controversial child c. Tween d. Preoperational child

c. Tween

In Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory, she suggested that female moral reasoning is based on _____. a. rules made by external authorities b. concepts of justice c. care and relationships d. collectivist input from community

c. care and relationships

Which component of the brain is made up of neurons and their connections? a.. myelin b. white matter c. gray matter d. synapses

c. gray matter

Understanding how one's own thoughts work, or knowing about knowing, is called _______. a. metamemory b. metalinguistics c. metacognition d. awareness

c. metacognition

For which concrete-operational thinking ability is a child using if he/she arranges sticks in order from smallest to largest? a. conservation b. classification c. seriation d. reversibility

c. seriation

Which of the following is correlated with high self-esteem in children? a. feeling happier b. doing well in school c. having more friends d. All of these are correlated with high self-esteem

d. All of these are correlated with high self-esteem

Which of the following is a typical change in the parent-child relationship during middle and late childhood? a. Children's responsibilities and decision-making power increase within the family b. Parents are less likely to use physical coercion c. Children are less likely to express their frustrations toward their parents d. All of these are typical

d. All of these are typical

A neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that emerges prior to 12 years of age and causes impairment in multiple contexts. a. Automatization b. Sensory memory disorder c. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The ability to create groups or classes of objects and sort them by similar properties. a. Consistency b. Efficiency c. Long-term memory d. Classification

d. Classification

The ability to physically repeat an action in the same way with the same level of function. a. Efficiency b. Bilingualism c. Sensory memory d. Consistency

d. Consistency

Divergent, novel, and problem-solving-oriented thinking. a. Intelligence quotient (IQ) b. Seriation c. Scaffolding d. Creative intelligence

d. Creative intelligence

The ability to perform a physical act in a variety of contexts with similar outcome. a. Sensory memory b. Consistency c. Gifted d. Flexibility

d. Flexibility

Which self-description is LEAST likely to come from an elementary-school-aged child? a. I like to play drums and sing b. I'm better at math than some of the other kids in my class c. I'm getting really good at bike jumps because I practice a lot d. I'm the strongest boy in the world.

d. I'm the strongest boy in the world.

Language education programs in which students are taught academic content exclusively in a nonnative language (a language not spoken at home). a. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act b. Concrete operational c. Working (short-term) memory d. Language immersion

d. Language immersion

One's understanding of one's own memory process. a. Cognitive load b. Giftedness c. Performance goal d. Metamemory

d. Metamemory

Level 1 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is guided by personal rewards and punishments. a. Conventional morality b. Postconventional morality c. Autonomous morality d. Preconventional morality

d. Preconventional morality

The ability to attend to a particular item in the environment while inhibiting other distracting stimuli. a. Metalinguistic awareness b. Intelligence quotient (IQ) c. Creative intelligence d. Selective attention

d. Selective attention

One's multidimensional impression of one's own personality, of the attributes, abilities, and attitudes that define one's self. a. Moral realism b. Coping c. Resilience d. Self-concept

d. Self-concept

The ability to sort objects using a rule that determines an increasing magnitude of one or more dimensions. a. Performance goal b. Intelligence quotient (IQ) c. Cognitive load d. Seriation

d. Seriation

A specific difficulty with reading, writing, or math that is indicated when academic functioning is substantially below what is expected for age, IQ, and schooling. a. Selective attention b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) c. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) d. Specific learning disorder

d. Specific learning disorder

During childhood, children's bones _______. a. grow longer b. grow thicker c. add and absorb minerals d. all of these

d. all of these

The goals of learning in school can be _______. a. academic b. social-emotional c. metacognitive d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following causes stress for children whose parents divorce? a. the parents' conflict before the divorce b. lack of access to one parent after the divorce c. confusion and poor parenting practices during the divorce d. all of these cause stress

d. all of these cause stress

Resilience is a feature of the ____. a. child b. context c. parent d. child-context relationship

d. child-context relationship

Health promoters are concerned about the activity levels of youth because _______. a. the average 10 year old now spends more time outdoors than in 1980. b. almost no children between the ages of 9 and 11 get the recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. c. schools have increased their requirements for physical education (PE to ensure that children meet recommendations for daily amounts of activity. d. every year after age 11, children reduce the time spent in daily moderate to vigorous physical activity by about 40 minutes.

d. every year after age 11, children reduce the time spent in daily moderate to vigorous physical activity by about 40 minutes.

Weight gains during childhood tend to _______. a. stop entirely b. spurt upward rapidly c. speed up lightly d. slow down slightly

d. slow down slightly