Chapter 7

The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the

bones

__occurs when the extracellular concentration of sodium is too low.

hyponatremia

potassium is the major positively charged electrolyte in ___

intracellular fluid

Which is NOT a symptom of low blood pressure? Which is NOT a symptom of low blood pressure? dizziness confusion stroke lethargy

stroke

The feeling of dry mouth experienced during dehydration is part of the body's

thirst mechanism

Electrolytes control fluid balance in the cells.

True

John consumed a large margarita that contained 14 grams of carbohydrate and 24 grams of alcohol. How many kilocalories did he consume?

224 kilocalories

Leyda returns home from competing in a community half-marathon and gets on the scale. She finds she has lost 2 lb since she weighed herself that morning. How much fluid should she consume over the next few hours in order to fully rehydrate? (Recall that the goal of rehydration is to consume 1.5 times more fluid than is lost.)

3.0 lb

Up to what percentage of an adult's healthy body weight is fluid?

70

Mary is 19 years old. She drinks the recommended intake of 2.2 liters of water and other beverages a day. About how many cups is this equivalent to?

9 cups

Part complete Water plays an important role in solubility, transport, blood volume, blood pressure, and regulation of body temperature. Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance and assist with the generation of nerve impulses. Each of these contributions is essential for life and must remain in balance. Choose the correct statement about water and electrolytes.

After a muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve signal, a release of stored calcium ions leads to muscle contraction

The United States agency that sets and monitors standards for city water systems is the

Environmental Protection Agency EPA

Approximately 66 percent of our body water is found in the extracellular fluid.

False

Because the body can store water like it does fat, humans can survive for 10 to 15 days without water as long as they have food to eat.

False

Part complete Beverage choices are plentiful, and all contribute to a person's fluid needs. Some provide important nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, while others contribute a substantial amount of sugar and caffeine. Choosing wisely can affect overall health as well as weight-management efforts. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about popular beverages.

Flavored milk and milk substitutes may provide important nutrients, but can also be a significant source of added sugars. Sports beverages offer no established benefits for people who do little or no regular exercise or manual labor.

Imbalances of fluid and electrolytes can be caused by a variety of situations and health conditions. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about risks of electrolyte imbalance.

Muscle cramps or weakness can occur as a result of electrolyte imbalances. Overweight football players practicing in a humid environment have several risk factors for heatstroke.

water gain

The fluid volume in blood is increasing. Net movement of water is into the cells. Urine becomes lighter in color. Concentration of electrolytes outside the cells is decreasing compared to that inside the cells.

Water Loss

The fluid volume in the blood is decreasing. Urine becomes darker in color. Net movement of water is out of the cells. the thirst mechanism is triggered

Sodium is an essential nutrient but many adults consume very high levels of sodium and not enough potassium. Many researchers believe this high sodium-to-potassium ratio increases risk of hypertension. Choose the meal below that would be the best choice for a person trying to limit sodium while consuming adequate potassium.

a low-fat yogurt parfait with granola, sliced bananas, and dried apricots with water

Which of the following statements about the movement of substances through the cell membrane is TRUE? a. Water freely moves across cell membranes. b. Water moves across the cell membranes only through protein channels. c. Water and electrolytes cannot move across cell membranes. d. Electrolytes freely move across cell membranes.

a. Water freely moves across cell membranes.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Diffusion is the process whereby substances move from a high concentration of solute to an area of low concentration. b. A cell will shrink when the concentration of electrolytes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell. c. Water follows the movement of electrolytes. d. Sodium and potassium move across cell membranes by means of special proteins.

b. A cell will shrink when the concentration of electrolytes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell.

The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of what substance out of and into its storage site in the muscle cell?

calcium

Which of the following is NOT a tip for taking control of your alcohol intake? a. Think about why you are planning to drink. b. Dilute hard liquor with large amounts of water, diet soda, or juice. c. Decide in advance what your alcohol intake will be. d. Make sure you have not eaten for at least 3-4 hours before having your first alcoholic drink.

d. Make sure you have not eaten for at least 3-4 hours before having your first alcoholic drink.

Which of the following choices most completely describes the functions of water in the body? a. digestion b. transporting nutrients c. protection and lubrication d. Water is essential for all of these functions.

d. Water is essential for all of these functions.

If you are not consuming enough water, or if you are excreting too much water from your body, ___ can occur.

dehydration

Which of the following can contribute to dehydration? water reabsorption by the kidneys the thirst mechanism release of ADH from the pituitary gland diarrhea

diarrhea

___ are substances that cause the body to lose water via urine.

diuretics

Charged ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride are called

electrolytes

Alcohol is considered an essential nutrient.

false

The amount of urine the body produces depends only on a person's age.

false

The liver breaks down and metabolizes alcohol at a rate of about 1 ounce per hour.

false

____ is achieved when there is an equal concentration of water and electrolytes inside and outside the body's cells.

fluid balance

A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms is

heat stroke

About two-thirds of our body fluid is known as _______________.

intracellular fluid

A condition characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood is

hyperkalemia

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the effect of alcohol abuse on the liver? fatty liver cirrhosis hyperkalemia hepatitis

hyperkalemia

The liquid that is between cells is called

interstitial fluid

he process by which water moves in and out of cells from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes is called

osmosis

What distinguishes alcohol dependence from alcohol abuse?

physical dependence

The two electrolytes most important in enabling nerves to respond to stimuli are sodium and

potassium

Which of the following is an example of insensible water loss? urination respiration sweating vomiting

respiration

The antioxidant found in red wine that may confer health benefits is

resveratrol

Which of the following is the MOST effective method used in removing waterborne microorganisms from bottled water?

reverse osmosis

Matt has just been diagnosed with hypertension, and his physician has instructed him to reduce his sodium intake. Which of the following would be good advice for Matt?

snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of salty snacks

The water that comes from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs is characterized as what kind of water?

surface

Water carries heat away from the body core to cool the body when needed through the process known as evaporation.

true

The majority of excess water is excreted through __________.

urine output

One way the body works to maintain fluid balance is via the thirst mechanism. This mechanism stimulates the desire to drink fluids in response to changes in blood volume, blood pressure, and concentration of sodium in the blood. Fluids are regularly lost through urine, feces, sweat, evaporation, and exhalation. In some cases, the amount is small, but in certain situations, the fluid loss can be significant. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about fluid intake and excretio

Low blood pressure can stimulate thirst. An increased concentration of sodium and other dissolved substances in the blood leads to increased thirst.

Water contained in the food or drink you consume is absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. There are many routes by which water can then leave the body, resulting in water loss. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding water loss.

The greatest amount of water loss occurs via production of urine by the kidneys. Water loss through breathing (respiration) is a type of insensible water loss.

Dehydration

This state can occur as a result of severe diarrhea and vomiting, or abuse of diuretics. Older adults, those with vigorous jobs, and individuals who are physically active are particularly at risk for this state.

Hyponatremia

This state can occur when too much fluid (particularly pure water) is consumed in a short period of time. This state can result in swelling of tissues, including the brain, and lead to seizures, coma, and death.

Water Balance

This state occurs when enough fluid is consumed to allow for an equal concentration of electrolytes between the intra- and extracellular fluid compartments. This state occurs when the thirst mechanism has been successful.

Hydration status can be determined by paying attention to various indicators. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding how to assess hydration.

Weighing the body before and after exercise can be used to detect overhydration and dehydration. Reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration. Dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance

Which statement regarding water balance is true? Which statement regarding water balance is true? a. An 8-fl oz glass holds about 500 ml. b. A woman on a daily diet of 2500 kcal needs approximately 3000 ml of water. c. Food provides such a small amount of water that it need not be accounted for. d. The body produces about 100 ml of metabolic water per day.

b. A woman on a daily diet of 2500 kcal needs approximately 3000 ml of water.

Hyponatremia is associated with

over hydration