Chapter 7
dyslexia
A learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.
Acculturation
Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.
child maltreatment
Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.
A behavioral geneticist might argue that through an evocative process, a baby with an "easy" temperament would likely produce a parent with which parenting style? authoritarian rejecting-neglecting authoritative permissive
Authoritative
g
Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities.
resilient children
Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.
collective efficacy
Communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.
Parenting Styles
In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love and discipline.
Multiple Intelligence Theory
In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist—plus a possible ninth type, called spiritual intelligence.
Practical Intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.
anayltical intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in performing well on academic problems.
Creative Intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.
successful intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, which involves striking the right balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
Vaild
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure.
Reliability
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once.
Athoritative Parenting
In the parenting-styles framework, the best child-rearing style, when parents provide ample love and family rules.
rejecting-neglecting parenting
In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, when parents provide little discipline or love.
Permissive Parenting
In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide few rules but lots of love.
Athoritarian Parenting
In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide many rules but rank low on love.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Measure designed to evaluate a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work.
achievement test
Measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.
The successful schools described in the text seem to be utilizing an approach analogous to Baumrind's _____ parenting style.
authoritative
According to emerging research in the field of _____, resilience could be partially genetic. neuroscience cognitive psychology classical conditioning social psychology
neuroscience
The _____ of a test refers to how consistent the scores are when a person takes the test more than once.
reliability
Intrinsic motivation
The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.
Extrinsic motivation
The drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.
Specific Learning Disorder
The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.
intellectually disabled
The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below.
Gifted
The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.
Parental alienation
The practice among divorced parents of bad-mouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subtests.
corporal punishment
The use of physical force to discipline a child.
A child who has completed the WISC will be given separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and _____. conscientiousness working memory emotion regulation long-term memory
Working memory
Flynn Effect
Remarkable rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century.
4 areas of child maltreatment
Physical abuse Neglect Emotional abuse Sexual abuse