chapter 7 apwh quiz: peoples and civilizations of the americas, from 1200 BCE

who came to the Cuhuacán for military service?

Toltec population went to Cuhuacán for military service

Who tried saving Tula?

Topilitzin tried saving Tula

What is the largest SURVIVING Olmec center, although much smaller than la venta and san Lorenzo?

Tres Zapotes

in the early horizon period, what did the cultivation of corn lead to?

a steady food supply, urbanization, trade between people in Coastal region and andean foothills, ceremonial practices , religious motifs and aesthetic ideas

role of military in Teotihuacan

absence of walls and defensive structure before 500 CE. - Teotihuacan must have been peaceful in early development -powerful military made to have LONG DISTANCE TRADE TO HAVE AGRICULTURISTS TRANSFER SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO THE CITY

active geological region

earth quakes and volcanic eruptions

Early Horizon

period from 900BCE-200CE

chinampas

'floating gardens' -narrow, fake islands made along lake shores in marshes by heaping lake much and wast material on bed on reeds and anchoring them to shore

what do Maya farmers use today

swidden agriculture (slash and burn).. yields high amounts but kills the soil

Hopwell Decline

-Hopwell towns served as a ceremonial and political centers -large mounds built to house builds served as platforms for religious rituals -some mounds oriented to reflect sunrise and moonrise patterns -abandonment of major sites around 400 CE marked decline of Hopwell culture

decline of cahokia

-defensive walls around ceremonial and elite centers in 1250 CE: evidence of decline and abandonment of city had to do with military defeat or civil war -climate change, population pressures and environmental degradation by deforestation -1300 lost control of dependences of population decrease

Maya farmers of the classical period (200-900 CE)

-drained swamps and built elevated fields -irrigation in long dry season and terraced hillsides in cooler high lands -conservation of deer and other animals for food

Olmec decline

-every Olmec center was abandoned -monuments defaced and buried, building destroyed -internal conflict, military attack by neighbors, death or overthrow of a ruler

first stage of urbanization

-exploitation of products: salt, cacao, and clay for ceramics---control of these products led to specialized craft and trade

women of Maya

-few ruled the Maya kingdom directly -central role was in religious rituals of home. -some were healers and shamans -essential to household economy

metallurgy of Chavín

-first developed in Andean region around 2000 BCE -sustained trade and cultural contacts between Mesoamerica and Andean region -silver, gold, and gold alloy ornaments found at Chavín de Huantar- shows advance over technologies

development of urbanized mississippian chiefdoms

-from effects of small increased in agricultural productivity and expansion of trade networks -improved economy- population increased, building of cities and social stratification -urban plan based on central plaza surrounded by large platform mounds

society of mississippian culture

-hierarchal -commoners lived on periphery of ceremonial center where elite housing and temples were located

technologies if Andean

-led to calendar to time planting and harvesting and domestication of frost-resistan varieties of potatoes and grains -native peoples learned dispersed farming to reduce risks from frosts -terraced hillsides to create microevnironment -used cold and dry climate to make freeze dried veggies and eat products that kept famine from happening -domestication of llama and alpaca-meat wool and long-distance transportation linking coastal and mountain economies

Olmec political structure

-little is known -Rise of the urban centers: form of kingship combined religious and secular roles -rulers and family- associated with the gods through bloodletting ceremonies and human sacrifice

how were the urban and rural populations united?

through ceremonies

Who had the strongest mesoamerican influence?

Hohokam of Salt and Gila River Valleys-strongest influence. -similar platform mounds and ball courts, pottery, clay figurines, cast copper bells and torquiest mosaics -1000 CE Hohokam made elaborate irrigation system BUT the Anasazi to the north left most vivid legacy of desert

what linked Pueblo Bonito to outlying towns?

Kivas, roads linked canyon to outlying towns... Pueblo Bonito exerted political and cultural dominance over larger region

which city became the most important Olmec center after San Lorenzo was abandoned or destroyed around 900 BCE?

La Venta (1200 BCE-600BCE)

Mound Builders: Hopwell and Mississippian cultures

-100C Hopwell culture spread through Ohio River Valley-made larger villages and monumental earth works -Hopwell depended on hunting and gathering and limited agriculture(early example of Norht American chiefdom)

abandonment of chaco canyon?

-12th century because of long drought, agriculture economy decreased -warfare increased because of population pressure on regions that had dry land

Southwestern desert cultures? how did the Mesoamericans influence them?

-300 BCE-modern days Arizona. -Mesoamerica influenced the introduction of agriculture based on irrigation- which allowed two maize crops per year, so the population settled

collapse of Teotihuacan

-750 CE -urban population decreased, and defensive walls went up -violent last decades -elite had mismanaged resources and then divided into competing factions and class conflict and breakdown of public order -temples destroyed and elite palaces burned, resident killed

fall of maya

-800-900 CE-cities abandoned -cities destroyed by violence -the collapse of teotihuacan in 750 messed up long distance trade and undermine legitimacy of Maya rulers tied to enter -population increased, but climate changed, environmental degradation and fragile agricultural system -warfare

what were the ecological niches of the olmecs and what did they bring?

-Amerinidian people- they specialized in technology... exploiting of plants, animals, and miners like obsidian, quarts, and jade. -Farmers- maize beans, squash and other plants (first stages of specialization)

Capital of Chavín

-Chavín de Huantar -location relevant bc it led to trade between ecologically distinct zones, linking inland producers of quinoa, maize, potatoes, llama herders in mountain valleys and tropical producers of coca on eastern flank of Andes

Culchuacan

-Tula- multiethnic character allied with -Cuhuacan- multiethnic state -military alliance, networks of tribute and trade

religious architecture in Teotihuacan

-aligned with the nearby sacred mountains and the movement of stars -people worshipped many gods and lesser spirits -devoted pyramids and 20 small temples all aligned along a central avenue -largest pyramid: SUn and Moon and Quetzalcoatal (feathered serpent)-culture god thought t one originator of agriculture and arts HUMAN SACRIFICE

elites increased wealth and status in Teotihuacan

-citys role as a religious center and commercial power led to elite success.. they controlled government, tax collect band commerce -priestly class symbolized by temples and palace murals

allyu

-clan -provided foundation for andean achievement, land communally -recripcal obligations -model for organization of labor and distribution of goods at every level of andean society

cahokia's commerce and control

-control of surrounding agricultural lands and secondary towns -political and economical influence depended on location near confluence of missouri, mississippian and illinois rivers: ovation that facilitated commercial exchange as far as coasts of atlantic and gulf of mexico -RULERS OF CAHOKIA WERE RICH AND POWERFUL

violent era of Toltecs and emergence of Tula

-created state dependent on military -had decorations of violence on public buildings -political capital- Tula -architecture of Tula- statues of warriors, serpents, patios, raised stone platforms and temples

Mesoamerican calendar

-made 1. calendar system that identified each day by 3 separate dating systems..Maya calendar tracked a ritual cycle. 1260 days divided into 13 months of 20 days. -2nd calendar tracked solar year 365 days into 18 months of 20 days and five unfavorable days at the end of the year. Maya thought humanity threatened every 52 years so they made a 3rd "long count" calendar- began with creation in 3114 BCE

Cholula

-modern Mexican city of Puebla -emerged around the same time as Teotihuacan -Served as the trade center and religious pilgrimage destination(linked valley of Mexico with Maya regions -important regional power until spanish conquest

Anasazi

-navajo word meaning "ancient ones" -used to identify number of dispersed desert cultures in FOUR CORNER region of arizona, new mexico, colorado and utah -by 700 CE, anasazi- economically based on Maize, beans and squash -irrigation and technologies increased productivity, formed larger villages and more complex cultural life centered on underground buildings called KIVAS -made pottery, wove cotton cloth and in 900 CE constructed large multistory residential and ritual centers

Teotihuacan

-one of Mesoamericas most important classic period civilizations -height of its power-450 CE-largest city in Americas

llamas

-only domesticated beast of burden in America -role in integration of Andead region -provided meat and wool, transportation -crucial to Chavíns development

maya society

-patrilineal- but some male rulers traced lineage bilaterally -Lady Wacchanil-Ahau's son-emphasized female line if it held higher status

Olmec Religion

-polytheistic -human and animal characteristics were BLENDED -ruler associated with a Jaguar -Priests and Shamans claimed connection with supernatural powers by turning into animals like crocodiles, snakes, and sharks - motifs: ceramics, sculptures.

class distinctions of Chavín

-powerful chief or kind dominated Chavíns politics -common motif: Jaguar man similar in conception to contemporary Olmec symbol.. religious authority symbol

toltecs

-powerful, influential -influenced by Teotihuacan culture (kept religious and architecture and rituals of feathered serpent god-quetzalcoatls) -used irrigate and terraced hillsides

rulers and other elite of the Maya

-priests -decorated bodies with paint and tattoos -wore complex costumed to show secular power and divine sanction -communicated directly with supernatural residents -defied royal ancestors through bloodletting rituals and trances

Andean civilizations

-region was unlikely for success and climate -but the ameridndian peoples had complex advanced socities

rapid growth in urban population

-resulted from volcanic eruptions disrupted agriculture -city elite power increased left families on farms moving to cities -used that land from farms to drain swamps ,construct irrigation canals and build terraces into hillsides

Mita

-rotational labor draft that organized members of ayllus to work fields and care for llama and alpaca herds owned by religious establishments, royal court and aristocracies

Hopwell rule

-rule by hereditary chief with both religious and secular responsibilities -chiefs had rituals of feasting and gift giving to connect diverse kinship groups and guarantee acces to specialized crops and craft goods -long distance trade for luxury good and additional food supplies

cultural resposne to environmental challenge

-succeeded in linking resources of coastal region with fisheries and irrigated maize fields to mountainous interior with herds of llamas and mix of grains and tuber -environmetal challenges- drought and shifting sands- clogged irrigation

Olmec calendar emergence?

-their religious practice was linked to astronomy -ceremonial centers aligned with the path of certain starts -astronomic observation- a Calendar was made to predict seasonal rains and guide planting and harvesting

reciprocal labor obligation

-trade led to construction of roads, bridges, temples, palaces and large irrigate band drainage products and textile production. -organized by groups of related families who held land communallly

written sources and power of toltecs

-two chieftains or kings shared power at Tula and division of responsibility weakened Toltec power -1150 CE- conflict between elite groups and religious cults-violenc in Toltec society and attacks by rival states

decline of Chavín

-warfare, disrupted trade... undermined authority of governing elite

Maya warfare

-warfare:religious meaning -maya military fought to secure captives, NOT to gain territory -king and kinsmen and nobles active in war -elite captives: sacrificed bc strong and common captives labor for captors

fall of Tula and Toltec state and Topiltzin

1150 CE-decline, internal power struggled and external military threat from the north -toplitzin failed saving Tula

Classic period

200-900 CE, period of cultural creativity- classical period

Maya cosmos

3 layers: 1.traced course of the sun .earthly arena of human existence (between heavens, conceptualized as sky monster and dark underworld) 2. sacred tree: roots in underworld, branches in heaven 3.-temple and pyramid: mountains reaching heaven, doorway to pyramid: door to underworld

what was one of the largest Aansazi community?

Chaco Canyon- Pueblo Bonito-919 CE

who were the Olmec deities?

Male and female natures

who tried saving Cholula?

Mixcoatl, Topiltzin's father

what did the Maya lack?

No wheels or metal tools

what was the most important and largest Olmec center?

San Lorenzo - they had a cultural influence bc of their ability to project political and military power

Olmec Writing

UNDECIPHERED- influenced innovations of the Maya

what did the Maya civilization never have

a single, unified state, BUT they shared a single culture

What did laborers of mite do?

built and kept roads, bridges, temples, palaces, and large irrigation and drainage projects -made textiles essential to ritual life like beer, maize and coca

Maya math

concept of zero and place value, limited notional signs

what did pueblo bonitos ascendancy depend on?

depended on identity as a sacred site and elaboration of intense cycle of religious rituals attracted pilgrims from distant locations

what type of social structure did the Anasazi and neighbors in the SW have?

egalitarian social structure and collective forms of political organization

who ruled the religious life in olmec rule?

elite ruled the religious life- they built residence on the raised platforms near the most sacred ritual space

chunkey

game with religious meaning and gambling helped establish cahokias cultural influence over a large region-played with a stone disk and sticks- game drew players and watchers from towns and used by elite to organize tribute payments and labor for construction of massive public works

Maya writing

hieroglyphic inscription signifying whole words or concepts and phonetic cues of syllables -scribes- public life, religious belief and biographies of rulers and ancestors in books, on pottery and stone columns and monumental buildings of urban centers -sacred text

Mississippian culture

hopwell influence -maize beans and squash domesticated in mesoamerica-curcial to urbanized mississippian culture

what drew men into chaco canyon-pueblo bonito?

hunting, trade and irrigation

where did the Olmecs live?

in the Valley of Mexico, Guatemalan Highlands, tropical forest of Peten and Gulf of Mexico coast, southern Yucutan, Belize and dry scrub forest of the Northern Yucutan....

what was good about the contact between the environmental boundaries?

it led to trade and cultural exchange and emerging centers in Central and South America. Agriculture increased, population increased, leading to social stratification

rural masses of Olmec

labor of urban centers and food production in RETURN for: -participation in awe- inspring ceremonies at San Lorenzo and other centers

what was the staple crop at the end of the classic period in Mesoamerica in the SouthWest?

maize was the staple after 800 CE

Mesoamerican influence on chaco canyon or vice versa?

merchants from chaco influenced the toltec people of North mexico turquoise in exchange for shell jewelry, copper bells, macaws, and trumpets -No pyramids or ball courts at Chaco canyon however

Cahokia

mississippian cultures great urban center -near modern city of east st. louis, Illinois -RELIGIOUS CENTER AND PILGRIMAGE SITE

why were there micro environments in the Olmec civilization?

mountain ranges divided them

who held the power in Teotihuacan?

no single ruler.. no evidence -suggest that allied elite families or weak kings who were puppets of powerful families ruled Teotihuacan

what was teotihuacan not?

not an imperial state controlled by the military

Topiltzin

one of two rulers and priest of cult of Quetzalcoatls forced into exile in east

when was the pre classic period?

period from 1500 BCE - 200 CE in Mesoamerica. -During the Olmec civilization (1200-400 BCE)

teotihuacan's wealth and religious influenced who

pilgrims from far away regions.. many became permanent residents

postclassical period in Mesoaemrica 900-1200

population expanded -long distance trade- obsidian, cloth, metal -warfare TOLTECS

what were urban centers dominated by in Olmec time?

religious architecture: -pyramids, monumental mounds, raised platforms... ALL made by laborers from agricultural zones

Chavín civilization in south america 900-200 BCE geography and environment?

role in deviation of Human society in the Andes. -mountains and coastal plain and dense interior tropical forests: 1. hard to have human populations 2. encouraged deviation of specialized regional production, social institutions and cultural values

what did traders bring to cahokias commerce?

seashells, copper, mica, and flint to city- used in manufacture of ritual goods and tools

what type of people were abundant in large urban centers?

skilled artisans.. they decorated building with religious carving and sculptures.

how were the Maya city states in the classical period

strong. -impressive temples, rituals linking kings to gods -most powerful cities controlled smaller cities and agricultural zone

elites of olmec

their wealth depended on bargain with larger population of countryside

Chavín military force

they imposed political and economic control over neighbors by military force.

what did women do in chaco canyon-pueblo bonito?

they shared in agricultural tasks, specialists in crafts-food preparation and childcare

how did the elite of the Olmecs contribute to agriculture?

they used authority to organize labor to dig drainage canals and contract raised fields.. agriculture and food production increased

how was the authority of rulers suggested?

through the colossal human stone heads... mostly found in San Lorenzo

who benefited from the religious centers during olmec rule?

urban elites gained power because of the development of persuasive religious ideologies and religious rituals.. this helped organize neighboring rural population