Chapter 7- Bone Tissue
The primary and secondary cavities generally unite as a single cavity
by late teens and early twenties
The hardening process of the bone is called mineralization or
calcification
a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver and kidneys - used to RAISE blood calcium concentration
calcitriol
bones are made of ________ and _________ groups
calcium and phosphate
A major constituent of the embryonic and young vertebrate skeleton, it is converted largely to bone with maturation.
cartilage
What is enlarged in the primary ossification center?
chondrocytes
Epiphyseal line
where the growing plate used to be
Marrow that no longer processes blood
yellow
___________ bone marrow no longer produces blood
yellow
The bone matrix is about ____ organic matter
1/3
By weight the skeleton is _____ spongy bone
1/4
The bone matrix is about _____ inorganic matter
2/3
By weight the skeleton is _______ compact bone
3/4
What is the normal range for calcium?
9.2-10.4 mg/dL
I thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities on one or both ends of the bone
Epiphyseal plate
A extremely rare condition that causes spontaneous formation of new bones
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progression (FOP)
ossification that starts with a soft sheet of mesenchye in the fetal skeleton
Intramembranous
what process produces the flat ones of the skull and most of the clavicle?
Intramembranous ossification
the secondary marrow cavity is located in the ____________
epiphysis
Why do we need calcium? (4)
exocytosis (stuff out of cell), neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and blood clotting
In adults, most of the bone marrow turns to
fatty yellow bone marrow
Most of the cranial bones are made up of thin curved plates called
flat bones
The lesser amounts of inorganic material in the bone matrix include
fluoride, magnesium, sodium, etc.
holes on the bones that allow blood vessels and nerves to penetrate
foramina
Common site for fractures in children
the epiphyseal
The shell of compact bone encloses a space called
the medullary cavity or marrow cavity- which contains bone marrow.
what is the function of nerves and blood vessels in bones?
to get the RBC out of the marrow and to provide nutrition for growth of the bone.
Why does Messenchype (embryo tissue) have a lot of blood vessels?
to go through cellular respiration and eliminate waste
when can yellow mare change back to red?
in the case of trauma
bones that do not fit into the category of short, long, or flat
irregular bones
where do osteoclast hang out?
lacunae
osteons are canals along with its circumferential
lamellae
In adults, red bone marrow is found where?
limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of the pelvic girdle and the proximal heads of the humerus and femur
The most important bones in the body movement are the
long bones
multiple osteogenic cells that have merged together are called
osteoclast
What maintains bone homeostasis of minerals?
osteocytes
the bone stem cells are called
osteogenic cells
soft collagenous tissue similar to bone except for a lack of minerals
osteoid tissue
the central canal that allows blood vessels and nerves to runt the length of the bone
osteon
What could cause hypercalcemia? and what would the effects be?
overuse of antacids, hyperparathroidism - could make you weak, sluggish reflexes or cardiac arrest
For a time, the __________ produces chondrocytes and the cartilage model grows in thickness- then it produces osteoblast
perichondrium
The early cartilage model is covered with a fibrous ________________, in the location of future bone
perichondrium
sheath and layer of osteogenic cells that goes around bone up until the articular cartilage
periosteum
Epiphyseal plate = ________ Epiphyseal line = ______
plate= growth, line= past growth
what could cause hypocalcemia? what could it cause?
pregnancy, lactation, diarrhea, low vitamin D, hyperpyrhoidism/ hypo --- could cause carpopedal spasms
As the center of the forming bone is hollowed out and filled with blood and stem cells, it becomes known as the
primary marrow cavity
During ossification, the region of chondrocyte enlargement is called the
primary ossification center
In a child, nearly every bone is filled with
red bone marrow- often called hemopoietic tissue that produces red blood cells.
What is the purpose of bone remodeling? (3)
repair microfractures, release minerals into blood, reshapes bone in response to use and disuse
when chondrocyte enlargement and death occur in the epiphysis of the model it creates the ______________
secondary ossification center
Bones that are approximately equal in length and width
short bones
Why do we need phosphate? (4)
Buffering of pH, Phospholipids, ATP, DNA/RNA
Hormone secreted by the C cells of the thyroid gland when blood calcium is too high
Calcitonin
Where does Fibrodysplasia ossificans progression occur?
Chromosome 2
What is the organic matter of the bone matrix made up off?
Collagen, Glycosamionglycans and other proteins
Process in which bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage "model" that becomes replaced with osseous tissue
Endochondral ossification
The long shaft art of long bones, acts as a lever
Diaphysis
Most of the bones of the body including the long bones, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, scapula, and pelvics are formed by
Endochondral ossification
Connects bone to bone
Ligaments
What holds bones together
Ligaments
What is the study of Bone?
Osteology
Hormone that is secreted as a response to hypocalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What is Wolff's law of bone?
The architecture of a bone depends on the stresses placed upon it; the bone remodels itself to adapt to those stresses
Messenchype (embryo tissue) cells enlarge during ossification and become_______
Trabeculae
Yellow marrow is found in ________ only
adults
The joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called
articular cartilage
hemopoietic tissue produces
blood cells
soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone and the larger central canals
bone marrow
The outside layer of long bones composed of dense white osseous tissue is called
compact bone
Most of the long bone is... (structure)
composed of an outer shell of dense white osseous tissue called compact or dense bone
ossification of complete, adult bone- epiphyseal plate has "closed" and no further bone elongation possible
endochondral
a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity and covers the surfaces of the spongy bone
endosteum
The head of the long bone, enlarge structure for attachment or articulation
epiphyses
What makes up 85% of mineral composition of bone?
hydroxyapatite
85% of the inorganic material in the bone matrix is _______________
hydroxyapatite (a calcium phosphate salt)
more than 10.4 mg/dL of calcium is called
hypercalcemia
The enlargement of cells
hypertrophic
less than 9.2 mg/dL of calcium is called
hypocalcemia
what is spongy bone?
loosely organized form of osseous tissue
embryonic connective tissue is called
messenchype
The transition from cartilage to bone at the end of the primary marrow cavity is called a
metaphysis
does ossification end with birth?
no, continues throughout life with growth and remodeling of bones, bones grow in length and width
Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals
osseous tissue
The formation of osseous tissue
ossification
The organic matter of the matrix is synthesized by the _______
osteoblast
building cells- build the bone; mineral deposition
osteoblast
osteoblast also release a hormone called
osteocalciun- this increases insulin sensitivity
Old osteoblast are called
osteoclast
bone dissolving cells
osteoclast
dissolve bone
osteoclast
has a ruffle boarder that increases the surface area and thus enhance the efficiency of bone resorption
osteoclast
At the end of the bone is... (structure)
spongy bone
During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses is filled with ____________
spongy bone
In adults, where is red bone marrow found?
sternum, pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur
Connects bone to muscle
tendons