Chapter 7 Education

81. Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement?

A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

82. Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of negative reinforcement?

A teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play.

55. Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior?

Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is giving instructions.

69. Which of the following is an best example of classical conditioning?

Samantha covers her work whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh.

79. Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization?

Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight

56. Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions?

When the teacher makes eye contact with a student and speaks in a regular tone

53. Which of the following scenarios would be the most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway, where he frequently talks to his friends.

76. At the end of the day, Isaac hears a car stop in the driveway. A few minutes later, his father walks in through the side door to the house. Isaac smiles, then runs to the door to greet his father. This scene is repeated for several days. Then, one evening, Isaac runs to the side door as soon as he hears a car stop in the driveway. Isaac's behavior of running to the door when he hears the car can best be described as which of the following?

a conditioned response

74. A social studies teacher frequently ignores a quiet child in the class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus here?

being in the social studies classroom

96. Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having a spelling test after lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating?

classical conditioning, with spelling tests being the CS

86. Alex tries to distract her teacher during the class by throwing erasers on the board. Alex's teacher talks to her about her misbehavior, but Alex continues to show this behavior on multiple occasions. The teacher realizes that Alex indulges in this behavior to get her attention. The teacher ignores Alex's misconduct, and soon Alex stops throwing erasers during the class. According to operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____.

extinction

88. Natalie is the class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example?

extinction

91. Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother then takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of which of the following?

extinction

58. John conducts a math quiz for his class. He awards his students a point for every second correct response they give. In this case, John is using a _____ to award his students.

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

64. Rudolph is criticized by his soccer coach for his poor performance in a game. The coach tells him that he is a poor team player. When Rudolph prepares for a game of basketball, he feels anxious because both soccer and basketball are team sports. In the context of classical conditioning, this scenario exemplifies _____.

generalization

80. Every time his students do not complete their homework, a teacher complains to the parents about the indiscipline of the students. When the students complete their homework, the teacher does not punish them. The students now complete their homework, and the teacher no longer complains to the parents. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement

94. Mr. Billow knows that the students in his eleventh-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following?

negative reinforcement

95. In the middle of a difficult exam, Sam tells his teacher that his stomach hurts. The teacher immediately sends him to the school nurse. The nurse allows Sam to lie down and take a nap. Sam's teacher takes notice that on several later occasions, when Sam has a difficult test or assignment, Sam again tells the teacher that he doesn't feel well. Each time the teacher sends him to the school nurse without completing his work, and without being penalized. Sam is being:

positively reinforced

83. Mr. Roberts has to step out of the class for a moment and tells Megan to watch the class. Megan is teased by her classmates for being a "goody-goody" and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Megan tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Megan was:

punished by her classmates

84. Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles when she sees Stanley poking Sharon's arm with his pencil. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used:

punishment

59. Sarah's parents learn that she is never able to score more than 70 percent in her weekly chemistry tests. They tell her that she will be allowed to play computer games for a half hour if she scores more than 75 percent and for an hour if she scores more than 80 percent. This way, they encourage Sarah to gradually work toward a target of 90 percent. This is an example of:

shaping

73. Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seat belt. Now, he always buckles his seat belt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

sitting in the car

92. Samantha participates in a dance competition in her school. She is nervous about performing in front of a huge audience. Therefore, she practices every day in front of her family members and with her local dance group. She believes that by practicing in this manner, she would be able to get rid of her anxiety. This is an example of:

systematic desensitization

70. Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has his locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with his friends. In this scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus?

the boy

71. Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has his locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with his friends. In this scenario, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

the hallway where the boys locker is located

33. A teacher wants her class to complete a science assignment. She knows that her students are lazy and usually never submit their assignments on time. She is aware that her students always love to go on a trip to the National Aeronautical Museum. She tells the class that she would take them to the museum if they complete their science assignment. This is an example of:

the premark principle

89. Felicia is always tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class because of the lack of points. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario?

the strategy of negative reinforcement was ineffective

75. A social studies teacher frequently ignores a quiet child in the class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus here?

the teacher's tendency to ignore the child

37. Mr. Rojas said, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class were standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what happened to the class?

they imitated Daniel because his behavior was reinforced