Chapter 7: Episodic & Semantic Memory
memory misattribution
assigning a memory to the wrong source
declarative memory
memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events. Both semantic and episodic
nondeclarative memory
memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes Not easy to communicate
transfer-appropriate processing effect
retrieval more successful if cues available at recall similar to those available encoding Involves physical appearance of stimuli and physical context
Differences of episodic & semantic memory
semantic memory repeated exposure Episodic memory weakened by repeated exposure Mutually dependent
semantic memory
-memory for knowledge about the world & facts
Encoding 3 Basic Principles
-mere exposure does not guarantee memory -memory is better for information that relates to prior knowledge -deeper processing at encoding improves later recognition
explicit memory
Both consciously accessible
source amnesia
Remember info, but not source
Encoding
Transforming information into psychological formats
Similarities of episodic & semantic memory
both can be communicated flexibly (can be described) both consciously accessible (aware whether know or not)
episodic memory
-memory for specific events in your life (ex. Graduation) -includes spatial & temporal context (when or where)
When memory fails
Forgetting Interference Memory misattribution False memory
Role of cues
Free recall: open-ended (essay question) Cued recall: prompt provided (fill-in blank) Recognition: pick out correct answer from list options (multiple choice)
directed forgetting
Intentional forgetting
implicit memory
Memory beyond awareness
false memory
Memory of events never happened
Retrieving existing memories
Memory retrieval better when study and test More cues means better recall
Crypt amnesia
Mistakenly thinking thoughts novel/original, but actually remembering info learned elsewhere Can lead to plagiarism
Passive forgetting
Most forgetting occur within first few hrs/days; if survive might last indefinitely
retroactive interference
New information disrupt access to old info
proactive interference
Old information disrupt access to old info
Interferance
Two memories overlap in content, strength of either/both reduced
Consolidation period
Window when new memories easily lost; if memory survive after