Chapter 7 Exam 2

Decarboxylation happens in the _____ step.

Acetyl-CoA step.

What step is the electron transport chain in?

Oxidative phosphorylation

A single molecule of glucose requires ___ "turns" through the citric acid cycle for its chemical energy to be completely harvested.

2

Starch is found in___ and lacks a central protein.

STARCH

H2 and O2 have a charge of ___

Zero

Glycolysis is ____ among species.

CONSERVED

Electrons donated by NADH enter though complex ___.

ONE

Hydrogen charge

+1

Oxygen's charge

-2

Coenzyme Q is then reduced to ___.

CoQH2.

What regulates acidity in prokaryotic organisms.

ETP.

Where is the electron transport chain?

The inner mitochondrial membrane

The final electron acceptor in the transport chain is _____.

OXYGEN.

Glycogen is found in ____ and posses a large, central protein.

ANIMALS

Beta- oxidation of fatty acids DOES NOT produce what?

ATP

Energetic coupling is made possibly by ____ synthase.

ATP

In oxidative phosphorylation, electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, leading to the synthesis of ___.

ATP

Chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because their electrons are ___ from the nucleus.

AWAY.

Coenzyme A is a molecule that carries the ____ ____ to the next set of reactions.

Acetyl Group

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in ___ and ___.

Aminals and bacteria.

Oxaloacetate is the starting and ending molecule in the ___ ___ ___.

Citric Acid Cycle.

What happens in the second phase of glycolysis?

Clears out a phosphorylated sugar molecule and rearranges the products.

Acetyl-CoA is the prep. step where pyruvate is de-carboxylated and joined to a ___ __ molecule.

Coenzyme A.

The remaining part of the pyruvate molecule still contains a large amount of potential energy and is transfered to _______.

Coenzyme A.

____ __ transports electrons from complex 1 and complex 2 to complex 3.

Coenzyme Q

NADH is formed during what phase of glycolysis?

During phase 3.

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. This makes it ______.

ENDERGONIC.

Oxygen is the final ___ ____.

Electron acceptor.

What does the anaerobic electron transport chain do?

Establishes a proton gradient between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.

Beta Oxidation of fatty acids

Fatty acids themselves are shortened by a series of reactions that sequentially remove two carbon units from their ends. It does not produce ATP, but releases a large number of NADH and FADH2 molecules that provide high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylvation.

ATP is NOT generated directly in the Citric Acid Cycle. First, an intermediate is generated. This is ___.

GTP.

Electrons enter the electron transport chain via either complex ___ or ___.

I or II.

Cytochrome C moves electrons to complex __. Where oxygen is reduced to form ___.

IV. Oxygen reduces to form water.

What is the input of the Electron Transport Chain? The output of the electron transport chain?

Input= Electron carriers --> NADH and FADH2

What is the input of glycolysis?

Input= Glucose.

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain embedded?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the input of the Citric Acid cycle?

Input= Acetyl CoA

Oxidative Phosphorylation is the ___ step of cellular respiration. This where the ___ occurs.

LAST. Electron transport chain. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is found primarily in ____ & ____.

Lactic acid and ethanol

In eukaryotes, acetyl-CoA synthesis takes place in the ___ ____.

Mitochondrial matrix.

In both types of fermentation, NADH is oxidized to ___.

NAD+ (but since neither molecule is produced or lost in the process, they do not appear in the overall chemical reaction)

In cellular respiration, glucose is ____ to CO2.

OXIDIZED

The electron transport chain is part of the ____ _____ step in cellular respiration.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Since oxygen is reduced, this makes is a ____ agent.

Oxidizing

Electrons flow from electron carries to oxygen. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ___.

Oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration. The electron transport chain in these bacteria is located in the ___ membrane and not the internal membrane.

PLASMA.

Ethanol fermintation occurs in ____ and ___.

Plants and fungi.

TCA Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) can run backwards for the ____ of pre-cursors to many molecules.

Production

What is pyruvate?

Pyruvate is a small amount of ATP and high-energy electron carriers.

At the end of glycolysis, carbon molecules are in the form of ____ ____.

Pyruvate molecules.

Glycolysis results in the production of _____.

Pyruvate.

In cellular respiration, oxygen is ____ to H2O.

REDUCED

Both coenzyme C and cytochrome C are ____.

REDUCED.

In cellular respiration, oxygen gains electrons. This means it is ____.

Reduced

The proton gradient formed from the electron transport chain has potential energy that is used to ___ ___.

SYNTHASE ATP.

Fermentation occurs in:

Some aerobic organisms such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen.

Electrons donated by FADH2 enter through complex _____.

TWO

During the Citric Acid Cycle, ATP is synthesized by ___ ___ ___.

Substrate level phosphorylation

The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as ___ & ____.

TCA cycle and Krebs cycle.

Electron acceptors and electron donors

Within each protein complex of the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from electron donors to electron acceptors. Each donor and acceptor is a redox couple, consisting of an oxidized and a reduced form of a molecule. The electron transport chain contains many of these redox couples. As electrons are passed from donors to acceptors, the energy of the electrons is reduced. Each electron acceptor therefore binds electrons more strongly than the previous one in the chain. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and it has the highest affinity for electrons. When oxygen accepts an electron, it is reduced to water.

Anaerobic respiration most likely pre-dates ____ respiration.

aerobic.

ATP is stored in ____

muscle

Glycogen is stored in ____ and then in ____.

muscle, liver, fatty acids

When oxygen accepts an electron, it is reduced to ____.

water.