Chapter 7 - Individual Factors: Morals Philsophies and Values

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

Deontology

Which of the following philosophies focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences?

Deontology

Talena, a business owner, quantifies values by monetary means. She has determined that the act of reducing compensation for underperforming employees would produce an economic value for her business, so Talena believes it should be accepted as an ethical action. Which of the following concepts describes Talena's beliefs in this scenario?

Economic value orientation

A major retailer is introducing a controversial children's toy despite protests from the public. A group of hackers decides to attack the company's network on the day of the product launch. They inundate the retailer's domain names with malicious requests in order to create connectivity problems and service failures for legitimate users of the system. Which of the following is the type of cybercrime described in this scenario?

Flood attacks

Hasan is a social media influencer from Nashville, Tennessee. He has a large following on Instagram in Nashville, but he recently moved to Washington, D.C. to go to school. A D.C.-based doughnut shop messages Hasan and asks if he would be interested in sharing a series of sponsored posts. The doughnut shop will pay Hasan $750 in exchange for three posts about the shop. Hasan, however, being new to D.C., hardly has any followers in the area and knows that if he posts about the shop, his post will result in little engagement and few sales, if any, for the shop. Which of the following will he choose to do, if Hasan is a virtue ethicist?

Hasan will consider the elements of virtue, tell the doughnut shop about his followers, and suggest alternative influencers to work with.

Which of the following is one of the criticisms of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory?

The original theory was transferred from children to adults.

A sales representative from a cosmetics company offers a salon employee a free gift valued at $500. The salon employee accepts the gift from the representative because they believe there is a slim chance of being caught and punished by management. Which stage of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development does this scenario represent?

The stage of punishment and obedience

A marketing manager for a furniture company argues for discontinuing a popular bookshelf that has caused the death and injury of children because the inalienable right to life makes killing wrong, regardless of the reason, and therefore, company profits are not a justification for the continued sale of the bookshelf. This manager, who is more concerned with social ethical issues and therefore does not rely on the business organization for ethical direction, is in which of the following stages of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development?

The stage of universal ethical principles

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's model, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive moral development?

The stage of universal ethical principles

Which of the following statements about white-collar criminals is true?

White-collar criminals tend to be people in positions of power, trust, respectability, and responsibility within a business or organization.

A baggage handling manager believes their firm will not win a contract with a prominent airline unless an executive at the airline receives a bribe, and if the firm does not obtain the contract, it will have to lay off hundreds of baggage handlers across dozens of airports. The manager argues that bribery is justified because saving hundreds of jobs across the country creates more utility than obeying a law. Is it possible for this manager to be an act utilitarian? Why?

Yes, because an act utilitarian might argue that bribery is acceptable if it results in the greatest utility.

John, vice president of operations at We Care, Inc., approves the illegal disposal of toxic waste at his firm's international factory. John has committed _______.

a white-collar crime

The famous statement "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature" is referred to as _______.

categorical imperative

Enlightened egoism _______.

centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account

Right or acceptable behavior in terms of the consequences for the individual is known as _______.

egoism

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep their company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people, making them a(n) _______.

utilitarian

Crimes perpetrated every year by nonviolent business criminals are known as _______.

white-collar crime

Which of the following philosophies evaluates ethicalness subjectively on the basis of individual and group experiences?

Relativism

As circumstances evolve, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

Relativist perspective

Which of the following have lower ethical issue sensitivity—meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues—and may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives?

Relativists

Ernesto is an office assistant for a family physician, Dr. Ava Smith. As Ernesto is reviewing patient records, he notices that all of the patients of the practice were listed as being on Medicaid, but he knows this is impossible. As he digs deeper, he sees charges to Medicaid over the years have increased.

A white-collar crime

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

Act deontology

Considered the father of free market capitalism, which of the following believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men?

Adam Smith

Teleology is a philosophy associated with which of these statements?

An act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result.

Economist Adam Smith viewed profit as the ultimate goal of an enterprise and did not believe it was businesses' responsibility to be concerned about their impact on society.

False

Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome.

False

The moral philosophy of idealism views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort.

False

Which of the following is a moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind?

Idealism

Hackers breach the security of an online greeting card company, breaking into a database containing personally identifiable information on its customers, such as names, email addresses, and mailing addresses. Even worse, users of the greeting card website have often uploaded the mailing addresses of their friends and family in order to use the company's personalization services. The hackers obtain all of this data during the breach. Which of the following is the type of cybercrime described in this scenario?

Identity theft

At work, Sweta tends to adopt a utilitarian perspective, often conducting cost-benefit analysis to assess which alternatives create the greatest utility. However, in her personal life, Sweta is more of a virtue ethicist, believing that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation. Which of the following explains Sweta's behavior in this scenario?

Individuals may use differing moral philosophies depending on whether they are making a personal decision or a work-related decision.

Which of the following types of justice is based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management treat one another?

Interactional

At work, June is an entry-level employee. She likes to observe the actions of her coworkers and determine consensus before moving forward with decisions, but she is rarely given the opportunity to do so. Instead, she usually must follow the lead of her manager who takes a utilitarian approach. Which of the following explains why June goes along with her manager?

June does not have the power to impose her own moral perspective on others.

The famous statement, "Act as if the maxim of the action were to become by will a universal law of nature," is called _______.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

Because the concept of a moral philosophy is inexact, which of the following is true?

Moral philosophies must be assessed on a continuum rather than as static entities.

Daniel, a production manager at a company that manufacturers corrugated boxes, has just learned that the organization experienced a significant drop in profits during the previous two quarters and its executive team has decided to delay the informal annual bonus employees have come to expect at this time of the year until the company's financial situation improves. Daniel must now make a decision about whether or not to notify employees in advance of this planned change in practice. Which of the following concepts best captures the situation described in this scenario?

Moral philosophy

Which of the following refers to the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right and wrong?

Moral philosophy

Nia, a sales representative for Midwest Hardware, a company that manufactures nuts and bolts, hopes to obtain a large sale from a construction firm that is building a bridge across the Mississippi River near St. Louis, Missouri. The bolts manufactured by Midwest Hardware have a 3 percent defect rate, which—although acceptable in the industry—makes them unsuitable for use in certain types of projects, such as those that may be subject to sudden, severe stress. The new bridge will be located near the New Madrid Fault Line, the source of the United States' greatest earthquake in 181

Nia will keep quiet about the bolts' defect rate, hoping to win the sale and the $25,000 commission.

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles based on logic and respect for individual rights?

Rule deontology

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Rule utilitarianism

Which philosophy stipulates that acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility?

Teleology

According to Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, why do different individuals make different decisions in similar ethical situations?

They are in different stages of cognitive moral development.

Teleological philosophies assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences, and thus moral philosophers today often refer to these theories as consequentialism.

True

The concept of moral philosophies is inexact.

True

While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents Eric's viewpoint in this scenario?

Utilitarianism

The elements of trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness that are important to business transactions are part of which of the following?

Virtue

Which of the following philosophies argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional morality standards but also requires considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation?

Virtue ethics