Chapter 7 Learning Study Guide

What is a conditioned response?

(CR) A Conditioned response is the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

What is a conditioned stimulus?

(CS) A Conditional stimulus is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Can you remember some example from your childhood of learning through classical conditioning—perhaps salivating at the sound or smell of some delicious food cooking in your family kitchen? Can you remember an example of operant conditioning, when you repeated (or decided not to repeat) a behavior because you liked (or hated) its consequences? Can you recall watching someone else perform some act and later repeating or avoiding that act?

(Classical Conditioning) I learned that when a siren is going off it means that a tornado is near by and you need to find a safe place that is not near any windows. Most likely your basement. (Operant Conditioning) When I was little I learned not to throw coins at cars, because this past weekend Cole Momcilovich threw a coin at my car and it cracked my window. So I learned now not to throw coins at cars.

What are conditioned reinforcers and name 3 examples?

(Learned) Conditioned reinforcers are satisfying because they are associated with a primary reinforcer.

What is the Neutral Stimulus (NS)?

(NS) A neutral stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. For example the ringing of a bell.

What is an unconditioned response?

(UCR) An Unconditioned response is the unlearned, and it is the naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

(UCS) An Unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, is a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

What are primary reinforcers and give 3 examples?

(UNLEARNED) Primary reinforcers are innately satisfying: - Food - Water - Sex - Removal of pain - Affiliation (family and friends)

Name the two types of reinforcement and describe each one?

1) Continuous Reinforcement: Continuous reinforcement is when you reinforce the desired behavior every time it occurs. - Learning happens very quickly. - Extinction happens very quickly if reinforcement is stopped. 2) Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Partial Intermittent Reinforcement is when you reinforce a desired behavior only part of the time. - Learning takes longer. - Takes longer for extinction to occur.

What are the four schedules of reinforcement?

1) Fixed-ratio 2) Variable-ratio 3) Fixed-interval 4) Variable-interval

What happens in a fixed-ratio response?

A fixed-ratio response ALWAYS occurs after a fixed NUMBER of operant responses.

In classical conditioning, what is the process of acquisition?

Acquisition is the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus; so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

What is associative learning?

Associative Learning is learning that two events are linked together. Both classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning.

What is Behaviorism and which do psychologists agree more with?

Behaviorism is the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

What is the difference between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning?

Classical Conditioning: - Two stimuli (the NS and UCS are associated) - Behavior affected is usually INVOLUNTARY - Key events are PRESENTED to the learner. - Events CAUSE the behavior - The learner does not have a choice Operant Conditioning: - Behavior affected is usually VOLUNTARY - Key events are PRODUCED by the learner - Events CONTROL the behavior - The learner has a choice

What are the three types of learning?

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and Observational learning.

What is the process of Classical Conditioning?

Conditioning is the process of learning associations. In classical conditioning, we learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events. We learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crack of thunder, so when lightning flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves.

In classical conditioning, what is the process of Discrimination?

Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, what is the process of extinction?

Extinction is when a conditioned response stops following a conditioned stimulus (CS).

In classical conditioning, what is the process of Generalization?

Generalization is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

What happens in the process of Operant Conditioning?

In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

Ivan Pavlov is the founder of classical conditioning and he conducted the famous salivating dog experiment. 1

In classical conditioning, what is the process of Spontaneous Recovery?

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

What is the difference between Taste Aversion and Classical Conditioning?

Taste Aversion is a one time thing, meaning it takes one time to be conditioned to a certain thing. On the other hand, Classical Conditioning takes a series of times to become conditioned to something.

What two types of associative learning does the rancher use in order to train his dogs? Also Identify which two learning processes the dogs learn?

The rancher outfitted his herd with electronic pagers, which he calls from his cellphone. After a week of training, the animals learn to associate two stimuli—the beep on their pager and the arrival of food (classical conditioning). But they also learn to associate their hustling to the food trough with the pleasure of eating (operant conditioning).

Who was John Watson?

Watson proposed that psychologists focus entirely on the study of behavior. (behaviorism). His goal for scientific psychology, was to predict and to control behavior in ways that benefit society.