Chapter 7 - Nutrition

Transamination

transfer of the nitrogen-containing group to form a nonessential amino acid.

1. ___________ nitrogen balance is the state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses. Proteins are being added to tissues. ___________ nitrogen balance is the state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains. Loss of protein structures.

Positive;Negative

1. Altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to certain conditions is called __________________. Conditions may include heat, acids, physical agitation, and alcohol.

denaturation

1. AMDR of protein is ______________% of calories.

10-35%

semi-vegatarian

All except red meats.

Ovovegterian

Eggs but no other animal foods.

Pescavegetarian

Milk products & eggs and fish but no other animals.

Lactoovovegetarian

Milk products and eggs and no animal flesh.

Vegan

No animal foods

Carbon Skeleton

What remains after nitrogen containing group is striped from an amino acid.

1. ____________________ protein is a protein that contains all essential amino acids. Examples would include: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

1: High Quality Protein a. Meat b. Fish c. Poultry d. Eggs e. Milk f. Soy g. quiona

Protein turnover

Process of breaking down old or unneeded proteins and recycling thier amino acids to make new amino acids.

1. ________________________ are people who eat plant-based diets. Match the type of diet to the animal foods they include.

Vegeterian

1. Proteins are large, complex organic molecules made up of _________________. They have many major functions in the body including: a. Muscle development and maintenance b. Build new cells and functional components of cells c. Part of hardened structures such as ____________ and ______________. d. ______________ to speed chemical reactions e. Lubricants to ease movements f. Clotting compounds in _______________ g. Build ________________ that fight disease organisms. h. Maintain ___________ and ____________ balance i. Transporters such as lipoproteins and hemoglobin j. Hormones k. Energy source

1: Amino acids c: Hair and Nails d: Enzymes f: blood g: Antibodies h: fluid and PH

1. __________ is an inherited condition in which the protein gluten cannot be absorbed; results in damage to the small intestine and poor ________________ of nutrients. Signs and Symptoms may include: a. b. c. d.

1: Celica Disease ; Aseption a: Weight Loss b: Chronic Diarreha c: Poor Growth d: Abdominal Bloating

1. ______________________ protein is a protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Examples would include: a. b. c.

1: Low Quality a. Grains b. Beans c. nuts

1. We can also use amino acids to make compounds that are not proteins. a. _________________________ are nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles. b. ______________ are compounds that include amino groups in their chemical structures. Amino acids can be precursors for amines.

a: Amino Acid deprivatives b: Amines

1. The human body contains proteins made from 20 different amino acids. a. __________________ amino acids are amino acids that the body can make. b. __________________ amino acids are amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs. c. __________________ amino acid is an amino acid that is normally nonessential but became essential under a certain condition.

a: Non Essential b: Essential c: Conditonally

lactovegetarian

drinks milk but avoids eggs

Nutrients that maybe lacking vegetarian diet that isnt well planned:

- Vitamin B-12 -Vitamin D - Zinc -Calcium -Iron

1. The sequence of amino acids determines the ______________ of the protein. The _____________ of a protein is important because it influences the function. a. If the sequence of amino acids is wrong (faulty DNA code) a defective protein is made which can be deadly. Example: Sickle Cell Anemia

Shape/Shape

1. A food ____________ is an inflammatory response that results when the immune system reacts inappropriately to an allergen in a food. Protein is commonly the allergen.

allergy

1. By helping to maintain fluid balance, proteins prevent ___________, which is the accumulation of fluids in tissues. The force of blood pressure moves fluid out of the bloodstream while blood proteins counteract the effects by attracting the fluid back into the bloodstream.

edema

1. A healthy adult's RDA for protein is ___________ g/kg of body weight. Protein needs increase during a. b. c. d.

1: 0.8grams a: Pregnancy b: breastfeeding c: periods of rapid growth. d: recovery

1. ___________________________ are mixtures of certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal products. Give some examples of foods that when combined will provide all the essential amino acids: a. b. c. d.

1: Complenmentary Combinations a: Red beans and rice b: Peanut butter c: Brown rice and green beans d: black bean salsa and corn meal tortilla.

1. The treatment for celiac disease (and gluten sensitivity) is to avoid foods that contain ______________. What are some examples of foods they should avoid? a. b. c.

1: Gluten a: Wheat Germ b: Cracked Wheat c: Wheat Protein

High intake of red meat and processed meats increase risk of chronic disease and cancer risk. High-protein diets may lead to high urinary ____________ loss. This may increase the risk of ________________, a condition characterized by thin bones that fracture easily. Dehydration is also a risk of excess protein intake.

Calcium ; Osteoporis

1. Proteins also help maintain acid-base balance by acting as a _________________. These proteins will bind to H+ if blood is too acidic, release H+ if blood is too basic.

buffer

1. A ________________ is a chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together.

peptide bond

1. Protein digestion begins in the _____________. Hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins and activates pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides. Enzymes release by the pancreas and small intestine break down shortened peptides into dipeptides and tripeptides. Enzymes from the microvilli will break down proteins into single amino acids which are absorbed into the blood stream and delivered to the liver.

stomach

Deamination

the removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid.